Factors That Shape a Child’s Personality

Factors That turn a Childs recordThere is a development interest in factors that influences and shapes a barbarians record, genetics and environmental factors be the two well-nigh prominent factors that ar rising in debates. Personality theorist much(prenominal) as Sigmund Freud supports genetic factors and that it encounters a commodious role in determine a babes constitution objet dart Alfred Adler supports environmental factors that dominate in shaping the personality of a nestling. However, there be early(a) studies and research that indicates genetic and environmental factors argon both essential in building the personality of the fry. The personality of the p atomic number 18nts and the peasant reciprocates with each other to build a to a greater extent than than unequivocal parent- boor dealing depending on the situations and environments.Personality is the fundamental expression of feelings and emotions through bodily organizations, intelligences as we ll as special capacity as defined by Rue (2008). This is back up by Allport (1961), where he stated that personality is an several(prenominal)s characteristic patterns whereby it is inactive throughout an separates development. oer the past few decades, increased studies take up shown that genetics and environmental factors get down an impact on a squirts behaviour (Rutter, 2006). integrity of such theories was provided by Sigmund Freuds psychosexual development, where he supported the factors of spirit in shaping a claws personality during their also soon years. Human sexual tone does not start at pubescence but it begins soon after origin, with clear manifestations (Kline, 2014). Yet, there are fence personality theorists who believed that the personality of an individual is shaped through interactions with the environment and the tidy sum around them. Examples are Costa and McCraes five factor type where personality of individuals are categorised as openness to experiences, conscientiousness, extraversion, amenity as well as psychoneurosis and Alfred Adlers theory on birth orders, where birth orders of an individual in the family bequeath affect their personality.Child inclination is one of the most prominent genetic factor that shapes a kidskins personality. It poop be defined as the fundamental root for affective arousal, expression and regulation components of personality (Goldsmith et al, 1987). Temperamental traits begins in primeval babyhood and go forth be stabilized across judgment of conviction and it is the grassroots elements for later personality development (Coplan, Reichel Rowan, 2009). Children with difficult disposition entrust spend a penny a graduate(prenominal)er persistency to withdraw in connecting with new environments and muckle and they are more pessimistic and have ban emotionality (Laukkanen et al, 2014). For example, coyness is regarded as the temperamental tiltency to experience fear and an xiety and they endure to exhibit more negative emotions and are inclined to the developing of midland problems (Coplan, Reichel Rowan, 2009). Therefore, when they are interacting with the societies and they are more in all probability to stimulate protective and everyplace controlling responses from their parents or caregivers (Coplan, Reichel Rowan, 2009).One of such personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, believed that the fundamental personality was formed by events and things that happened in the first 6 years of life of an individual (Carroll, 2010). Carroll (2010) in addition stated that Freud classified a disparate erogenous zone where libidinal dynamism was directed and if that interpret failed to cope, the libidinal energy lead remained in that particular zone, leading to the pincer experiencing a retroversion. erogenous zones refers to areas of the body where they are mellowly sensitive to touch and are cerebrate to sexual pleasures. Freuds psychosexual devel opment consisted of oral, anal, phallic and genital arcdegrees as analysed by Carroll (2010).Oral introduce is known as the first stage of psychosexual development and it lasts for the first eighteen months of a human life, exposit by Carroll (2010). According to him, it is a stage where the mouth, lips and tongue are the first erogenous zone. Garcia (1995) explained that during this stage, draws are the ones who have the most direct communication with the child and the mothers should attend to the child without implementing anxiety in the child. In accordance to Freuds theory, complications and dispute in this stage could result in oral fixation and his could lead to behaviours such overeating, smoking and alcohol abuse (Carroll, 2010). The subsequence stage volition be the anal stage where the anal area is the mere(a) erogenous zone and it is the period where children begins with their toilet training where the child begins to guide the practical life slighton of how and when to let go and hold on to original things and events (Carroll, 2010 Garcia, 1995). Carroll (2010) stated that failure in this stage could result in traits such as stubbornness, cleanliness and orderliness. The following stage, namely the phallic stage according to Freud, is the most critical period where it occurs between three to six years old. Carroll (2010) explained that Freud believed that during this stage, boys will undergo the Oedipus complex, while girls will undergo Electra complex and develop extremity envy. He in addition described that oedipus complex is where a male child has sexual attraction for his mother and electra complex is where female child has incestuous desire for her father. However, before this stage ends, the male and female child will distinguish with parents of the same sex and embraces its masculine and feminine characteristics (Carroll, 2010). Superego from Freuds analytic thinking theory where he emphasise on unconscious mind in humans, will also being to establish around the same time and most children will take up the values of their parents (Carroll,2010). He also suggested that before entering puberty, the child will go through response time stage where libido in inverted and contained (Garcia, 1995). Carroll (2010) indicated that during this stage, sexual interest are supressed and children during this stage will play with others of the same sex. Garcia (1995) suggested that educations from caregiver and role model can help the children to learn more about the importance and the responsibilities of self-govern, self-expressions and its consequences. During puberty, the child will enter the last stage of psychosexual development, the genital stage whereby the child will develop the ability to adopt adult sexual behaviours and in this stage, libido is to be directed to an object that is significantly different from those childhood sexual urge (Carroll, 2010).Genetics differences in individuals personality are whol ly predispositions to behaves in certain paths, conversely to the environmental factors that may suggest that different children with the similar predisposition in a different directions (Keogh, 2003). One paramount environmental factor is the parenting style and it has been seen as a fairly stable contributions to childrearing practices. Parenting style is characterized as parents behaviours and their interactions with their child over different situations, creating the interactional climate for parent-child relatives (Laukkanen et al, 2014). Crockenberg et al (2008) indicated that maternal behaviour play a key role in developing childrens fear behaviour, personality and externalising trajectories. Fromm (2013) supported this by explaining that one of the essential factors in shaping a childs personality is the relatedness to the childs mother and how the mother behaves will influence the childs behaviour and personality. He also stated that Freud had dreams about his mother and it implies that as a child, he wanted to be fed by his mother, this symbolises as being cared for, love and protected by his mother. If a child is being neglected and not fed by its caregiver, the child will grow impatient and unwarranted as he or she feels that they have the right to immediate and complete attention (Fromm, 2013).Belsky and Barends (2002) claimed that the Five Factor Model (FFM), namely openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neurosis, by Costa and McCrae is the basic framework with regards to parents personality and the quality of parent-child relation. For example, neuroticism refers to individuals who have a high tendency to experience negative emotions such as anxiety, hostility and more important emotionally instability (Vondra Belsky, 1993). Parents who urinate higher(prenominal) in neuroticism are more anxious and are more likely to embrace an overprotective style of parenting because of their tendencies to identify th reats to their child in the environment (Coplan, Reichel Rowan, 2009). They also indicated that parents who score higher in neuroticism are unlikely to be responsive and displaying warm in parenting. On the other hand, agreeableness in individuals are reflected through their interpersonal skills, they can range from compassionate, trustworthy and being helpful to highly irritable and utilization on others (Coplan, Reichel Rowan, 2009). Coplan, Reichel and Rowan (2009) also explained that mothers who are high in agreeableness exhibit more parental warmth and are highly responsive. collect to the tendencies to give in, agreeable parents will more likely to give in to their child, leading to a more harmonious parent-child dealinghips (Denissen, Aken Dubas, 2009). Extraversion is correlated with a higher aim of lordly effects and parents that score higher in extraversion are more likely to have a positive relationship with their child (Denissen, Aken Dubas, 2009). Belsky and B erends (2002) support this by stating that parents who are high in extraversion are more sensitive and responsive to their child. Parents who are high in conscientiousness are said to have a higher level of control over their own lives and therefore they are less regulated by the family rules, there are also evidences that suggest that parents with high level of conscientiousness are correlated with higher quality of parent-child relation (Denissen, Aken Dubas, 2009). Lastly, they also indicated that parents who are high in openness to experience are found to have a positive relationship with their child as they are less restrictive towards their child due to them having a broader and more permeable conscientiousness. Personalities of parents have significant correlations with the personality of the child as supported by Kochanska, Friesenborg, Lange and Martel (2004), they stated that parents who are more agreeable have infants who are more able to focus their attention and more f earful while parents who are more empathic have infants who are better centre and less prone to anger and parents who are more open have infants that are more joyful. Laukkanen et al (2014) also indicated that parents who show high level of psychological control towards their child, will lead to the child developing a more maladaptive outcomes such as having trim self-esteem and lower academic performances.Another environmental factor is the birth order of the child and personality among blood relatives that was highly emphasized by Alfred Adler. Leman (2009) also pointed out that parental values are powerful factors that can affect every child in the family, especially the firstborns. Sulloway (2011) support birth order by conducting a study where adults were asked to compare their personality traits with their siblings. He found out that firstborns tend to be more achieving and conscientious while the laterborns tend to be more rebellious an open. Leman (2009) emphasized that f irstborns are more reliable and they tend to specialise right and wrong and believe that there is a right way to accomplish things. He also stated that firstborns are natural leadership and oft tend to be achievement oriented. Whereby the nerve child will more likely to be contradictory of the child before them in the family and they are often loyal and competitive (Leman, 2009). Leman (2009) also suggested that being the middle child, they are not expected to accomplish as much as those who are born before them and they are often the negotiator of the family who tries to persist in the peace. As for the lastborns, Leman (2009) describe them as sociable, outgoing, spontaneous and humorous and they are often the most pampered ones in the family. However, being the youngest would mean that they are most likely to be picked on by other members in the family (Leman, 2009). He also stated that the entire family and its environment will change when a child is born and how the parents behaves and act towards the child will determine a bully part in the childs destiny. Leman (2009) stressed that a childs personality depends largely on the personality and the parenting style of the parents. If parents are to controlling and applied too much stress or too unreasonable towards the firstborns, they can turn the child to a rebel who will messes up just to agitate the parents instead of excelling in their academic (Leman, 2009).To conclude, reputation and nurture come together in many ways in shaping a childs personalities (Bates Pettit, 2007). Those children whose personalities and temperaments are in conflicts with ethnic norms and parental expectations have a higher tendency to evoke negative reactions from others and in turn, parents will become more controlling and adopting a more authoritarian parenting style (Maccoby, 2007). In some cases, the personalities of children and parents may have a lot of resemblance as they will mimic each other and share a portio n of the same genes that will affect their temperament (Denissen, Aken Dubas, 2009). Therefore, shaping the personality of the child is mostly depending on the reciprocal relations and interactions between the parents and the child. For example, happy and easy infants will have a positive and responsive relationship with their parents and also, affecting ambience in mothers will to a fault have positive and consistent relationship with fearful infants as mothers tend to be more protective towards fearful infants (Kochanska, Friesenborg, Lange Martel, 2004).ReferencesAllport, G. W. (1961). Pattern and growth in personality. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston.Bates, J. E., Pettit, G. S. (2007). Temperament, Parenting, and Socialization. In J. Gausec P. Hastings. In Handbook of Socialization (pp. 153-177). New York Guilford.Belsky, J., Barends, N. (2002). Personality and parenting (2nd ed., Vol. 3). Mahwah, NJ Erlbaum M. H. Bornstein.Carroll, J. (2010). Sexuality Now Embracing D iversity. Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Coplan, R. J., Reichel, M., Rowan, K. (2009). Exploring the associations between maternal personality, child temperament, and parenting A focus on emotions. Personality and Individual Differences, 46, 241246.Crockenberg, S. C., Leerkes, E. M., Barrig Jo, P. S. (2008). Predicting aggressive way in the third year from infant reactivity and regulation as moderated by maternal behavior. Development and Psychopathology, 20, 37-54.Denissen, J. J., Aken, M. A., Dubas, J. S. (2009). It Takes Two to Tango How Parents and Adolescents Personalities Link to the superior of Their Mutual Relationship. Developmental Psychology, 45(4), 928941.Fromm, E. (2013). Sigmund Freuds Mission An Analysis of his Personality and Influence. Open pathway Media.Garcia, J. L. (1995). Freuds Psychosexual Stage Conception A Developmental Metaphor for Counselors. daybook of Counseling Development, 73, 498-502.Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, A. H., Plomin, R., Rothbart, M. K., Thom as, A., Chess, S., al, e. (1987). Roundtable What is temperament? Four approaches. Child Development, 58, 505529.Grazyna, K., Amanda, E. F., Lindsey, A. L., Michelle, M. M. (n.d.).Keogh, B. (2003). Temperament In The Classroom Understanding Individual Differences. United States, Baltimore Bethesda.Kline, P. (2014). Fact and Fantasy in Freudian Theory. New York Routledge.Kochanska, G., Friesenborg, A. E., Lange, L. A., Martel, M. M. (2004). Personality Processes and Individual Differences Parents Personality and Infants Temperament as Contributors to Their Emerging Relationship. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(5), 744759.Laukkanen, J., Ojansuu, U., Tolvanen, A., Alatupa, S., Aunola, K. (2014). Childs thorny Temperament and Mothers Parenting Styles. J Child Family Study, 23, 312323.Leman, K. (2009). The birth order book wherefore you are the way you are. Grand Rapids MI Revell.Maccoby, E. E. (2007). Historical Overview of Socialization investigate and Theory. I n J. E. Grusec, P. D. Hastings, Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research (pp. 13-41). New York Guilford Publications.Rue, D. W. (2008, January 30). What is Prsonality? The educational Forum, 1(1), 54-59.Rutter, M. (2006). Genes and behavior Nature-nurture interplay explained. Oxford UK Blackwell.Sulloway, F. J. (2011). Why siblings are like Darwins finches Birth order, sibling competition, and adaptive divergence within the family. In D. M. Buss, P. H. Hawley, The evolution of personality and individual differences. Oxford Oxford University Press.Vondra, J., Belsky, J. (1993). Developmental origins of parenting Personality and relationship factors. In T. Luster, L. Okagaki, Parenting An ecological perspective (pp. 133). Hillsdale NJ Erlbaum.

The Key Principals Of Effective Communication English Language Essay

The Key Principals Of effectual Communication English Language Es tell apartAn social relationship is an experience betwixt two or more people. Inter mortalal intercourse is a term that refers to the meanss that inter in the flesh(predicate) relationships ar shaped, maintained, and changed. Interaction between people, commonly in face-to-face or private settings deals with anaesthetise of inter mortalal conversation. masses view colloquy differently, so it helps to find why people stock and pass off different. Communication whitethorn contain the aspects of audition, persuading, asserting and gestural conference. parley soundly is when the person receiving the in random variableation studys you, and you understand them.If your ability to converse healthful with others is non good, it entrust affect the importance in your personal and victor success. The concept of interpersonal relationships is given by ones understanding of interpersonal communication its main beliefs, misconceptions and barriers.First, the concept of interpersonal relationships is given by ones understanding of interpersonal communication its main beliefs, misconceptions and barriers. Interpersonal communication includes message sending and receiving between two or more individuals. This shadower include all atomic number 18as of communication such as listening, persuading, asserting, nonverbal communication, and more. To communicate well, one must clear the staple communication skills. These skills include Leveling, Listening, Validating, and I statements. Leveling means permit a person fill in your thoughts and heartings. When both parties do non subsist all of the information, a misunderstanding or conflict arises. Listening is a skill that non only involves hearing what a person is saying, just also comprehending what they atomic number 18 saying. Active listening is when some form craps a noetic outline of important points, stand foring up quest ions or challenges to the points that harbour been made, and get affablely involved with the person talking (Hybels Weaver, 2007, p.85) in that location atomic number 18 several(prenominal) steps involved in active listening. First, we must identify the aboriginal idea or the main thought. Next, we must form a mental outline of the speech. Next, we should predict what will come next in the conversation. Fourth, we hit the points of the conversation or speech to our testify experience. Then we should look for similarities and differences on the information we ar receiving. Is it similar or different from what we already submit a go at it? Finally, we should ask questions. The next basic communication skill is validating. Validating is a skill that involves communicating to others that you obtain heard their position or opinion. With validation, we should necessitate the opinions and popular opinions of others as beingness true. I statements atomic number 18 when th e speaker get under ones skins responsibility for their own feelings. This keeps defensiveness, or conflict, away from the communication. An example of an I statement is when someone states I understand or I feel Using I statements allows us to speak for ourselves.Secondly, people expand and uphold their self-concepts through the course of victorious action and building, then reflecting on what they have done and what others tell them rough what they have done. Our perceptions atomic number 18 influenced by physical differences, like what we see and hear. Our perceptions are also influenced by the information we receive and what we already know, by habit, and acculturation. Self-concept is how you think about yourself. Self-concept comes from reflected appraisals from family and friends, and social comparisons. Some measures judgments potty be good or bad. You throw out change your perceptual influences by staying healthy, avoiding conflicts, taking snip out, being accessi ble, and being able to adjust to other influences.There are many an(prenominal) barriers to effective communication. These barriers can be present a persons train or even at home. At work, we speak to many different kinds of people. umpteen do not have the experience of communicating effectively with others. You film to learn as much as possible about whom you are communicating with, so you can pick the best way to send your message, and then there might less(prenominal) misunderstandings or confusion.The choice of a persons words is one barrier. The words we select to mathematical function will have an influence on the quality of our communication. To put on words effectively, we need to understand their meanings and associations, in different situations. An additional barrier is the misinterpretation of body language, tone, or other forms of non verbal communication. Again, we should learn how to read another persons nonverbal cues so we know how to respond to them. The wa y you succumb attention, look, shift, and respond tell the other person whether or not you care and how well youre listening. We learn from the actually beginning of our lives how to get what we want with gestures and non-communication, and then we learn to trust our surroundOne more barrier is discriminating hearing. A very petulant affair about communication is when the person is not listening to you. This can lead to misunderstandings and confusion. some people choose what they want to hear and do not hear all of the important facts. We should be active hearers so the communication is not lost from one person to the next. You should not be distracted when listening. You should paraphrase, bring on acknowledgments, dont cave in, and then respond. A good example of selective listening is with children. Children only hear the beginning of the conversation. They become bored with what they are hearing and bear their concentration. So it is best not to beat around the bush ge t straight to the point.Also, an extra barrier is to overcome is advocator struggles. Sometimes we do not want to listen to someone who does not have the authority over us. many an(prenominal) people think they do not need to listen to another person that may not be of a higher rank then they are. This is true in children and at the workplace. Some other barriers may be stereotyping, or culture differences. All of these barriers can be overcome. To overcome these barriers and become good listeners with effective communication, we should be open-minded, polite, and thoughtful. Everyone could use to learn more when dealing with communication, to learn and understand how to make the interpersonal interactions more efficient.There are many normals to be effective in interpersonal communication. By understanding these linguistic rules, we can amend our communication with our coworkers, and anyone we come in contact with. The first pattern is to administer each other with respect ( Sharland, 2008). This means that instead of putting our cypher into complaining about others, we should use that energy for a better use. We should have an open hearted consideration for others no matter who they are or some(prenominal) they have done. Treating someone disrespectfully leads to escalating responses. For example, if we have a disagreement with a coworker, we should listen to their point of view to keep the communication ongoing. It would be more or less impossible to work with someone you cannot have a conversation with. This does not mean we have to like this person, but it does mean that the circumstances that caused the issue are unlikely to get worse.The second principle is that we should not interrupt one another (Sharland, 2008). Interruptions can be in a form of speaking at the same time, cell phones ringing, or something other than listening to the speaker. By not interrupting others and focusing on what another person is saying, we are more likely to be l istened to. Many times we assume we know what the person is going to say and we bring our own thoughts into the conversation. This is also interrupting. The listener takes over the conversation and they never fully hear what the speaker is saying. Many discussions are hindered by interruptions and much at the end those involved go away with very different views about what has been said (Sharland, 2008).The third principle is that we have the right to ease up (Sharland, 2008). Sometimes we may want to pass on something but we still participate because we feel coerced or blamable if we do not participate. We very much call this peer pressure. When people are not able to pass on something, they become closed up about their thoughts and feelings because people begin to talk about them. Resentment can build against others and damage a relationship. At work there is practically pressure to do what others are doing. If we do not conform to others, we feel isolated and resent the other coworkers. Sometimes it is just difficult to say no.The fourth principle of effective communication is that we do not volunteer others (Sharland, 2008). Sometimes before making a decision for someone else, we should check with them first. When we do not communicate, we cause confusion and conflict. For example, if I were to sink to go somewhere for the weekend and my spouse has made other plans, there may be a conflict between us. Although it may take time to communicate with this other person, it will eliminate any conflict. The time to resolve the conflict is commodiouser than the time it takes to communicate with another. Sometimes we are volunteered to do something that is not in our job description. When this happens, because there is not pay increase, we may resent our employer and may appear unenthusiastic about our job.The fifth principle is to speak only for ourselves (Sharland, 2008). In speaking for ourselves, we often use I statements. Many times we do not hold the s ame views as others and should not assume they feel the same way. Speaking for others usually leads to conflict. We can assume we know what someone is feeling, but the only way of knowing is to ask them. By using this principle, we make more accurate statements with our communication and avoid unnecessary resentment or conflict.The sixth principle is that we do not speak excessively often or for too long (Sharland, 2008). If we speak too long, we will have bored listeners and will lose their attention. We will also take too much time and not give them a chance to voice their own opinions. This situation can happen at our workplace such as in meetings or can happen in the home. Many times a parent goes on and on to a child. The child gets tired of listening and is then disciplined for not listening. If a person speaks too often, they are resented because they do not allow others to speak. This happens often in meetings when an individual contributes their thoughts on the subject. T hey continue with their thoughts and do not give others the opportunity to voice their opinion. The potential of the communication is reduced because the conversation is one-sided. When someone speaks too long or too often, we can improve the conversation by showing our interest. Many times people who repeat things over and over feel they are not being heard. If we question them or show our interest, they feel their ideas are being listened to and will move on to the next topic.The seventh principle is that we challenge the behavior and not the person (Sharland, 2008). When we challenge or denominate a person, ineffective communication occurs. Many times we focus on how someone is perceived to be rather than the behavior they exhibit. Labels are often the result of a conflict. This ineffectiveness in communication brings defensiveness in the person being labeled. When we label a person, the communication does not move forward. We may be able to vent our anger, but we do not commun icate the reason for the anger. Instead of name calling, one should express their feelings or the reasons for their behavior. induce calling is just an endless solution.The eighth principle of effective communication is that we respect confidentiality (Sharland, 2008). When we respect ones confidentiality, we gain a persons trust. It also brings a feeling of safety, intimacy, and acknowledging and respecting ones vulnerability in relation to the issue. If we pass on confidential information, we lose the trust of the other person. Many times if people feel their personal information is going to be shared with other, they are uncomfortable and less likely to share their views, fears, ideas, vulnerabilities, or mistakes.The ninth principle is that it is ok to make mistakes (Sharland, 2008). With this principle, we realize that we are not perfect and making mistakes are opportunities for learning, connecting and sharpness rather than opportunities to condemn others. Without this princ iple, the other eight would be useless. When we make a mistake, we should use a different principle to be effective in our communication. All of the principles are not rules to go by, but are guidelines to make communication meaningful and effective.Communication is composed of verbal and nonverbal expressions. verbal communication is what we actually say. communicative communication includes facial expressions, nub contact, body posture, and motions. We are sensitive to these types of body language. As many of us have heard the saying, Our actions speak louder than words. Our nonverbal communication must match what we say. Nonverbal communication can help emphasize the truth, sincerity, and reliability of our communication. Nonverbal communication is important in many situations. It is good to pick up nonverbal cues to prepare oneself on how to handle the situation. We can respond to another suitably when we understand their nonverbal cues. It also allows us to prevent a hostil e situation from being escalated.There are many things to consider when interpret nonverbal communication. We should consider distance. The distance a person stands from another often gives a nonverbal cue. In some cultures, the distance shows how intense the communication is. A persons posture shows how formal the communication is or how relaxed it is. We may be sitting or standing, or have our arms crossed. Another thing to consider is the physical contact with the other person. Shaking hands, embracing, pushing, or patting are all ways to send a nonverbal cue. Some great features of nonverbal communication include facial expressions, gestures, and the way we look at someone. A smile, frown, raised eyebrow, yawn, and sneer can all carry information. There are many different facial expressions and they can change passim a persons conversation or interaction with another person. Hand social movement is the most frequently used gestures but the least understood. People use their h ands quite often while they are talking. It may be difficult to know what a person is meaning when they use their hands. The person could be just demonstrating something with their hands. Another feature of nonverbal communication is eye contact. potent communication is very important for you the speaker and the listener. When we communicate effectively, we can eliminate misunderstandings and conflict. When we listen, we need to hear all of the details and be gracious to their feelings. We need to learn how to read nonverbal cues. By learning the basic communication skills one can have better communication with others. Effective communication is an essential component to be successful whether it is at work or at home.

Mental Health Issues in the UK Criminal Justice System

cordial comfortablyness Issues in the UK Criminal justness System kind Health indisposition is a problem that the culpable referee governance faces daily. In 1992, the National Alliance for the psychologically forbidding (NAMI) and the Public Citizens Health Research Group released a report that depict alarmingly high numbers of hatful with schizophrenia, bipolar dis distinguish, and an separate(prenominal) earnest psychical maladyes incarcerated in jails across the country (Erickson Erickson, 2008, p. 4). Mental wellness infirmity bear contri howevere to jail and prison overcrowding, high disgust rates, do drugs addiction, and umteen other problems.The police squad decided to examine affable health issues as it relates to the condemnable justice establishment and specifically how affable health potbelly play a role in the crime. Different factors move become a problem with cordial health unsoundness and the lamentable justice dodge. Jail and priso n officials should be train to identify psychological health crisis. Mental health headmasters including psychiatrists should be available 24 hours a day, seven days a week, to evaluate likely crises and prescribe extremity medications in detention facilities (Compton Kotwicki, 2007, p. 49). Even though, is true the problem starts with the crime and the sentence. many problems and questions arise when a mortal who possesses a psychogenic chargeness hopes offense. in that location atomic number 18 many obstacles that necessitate to be overcome before convicting person of a crime. First a crime has to report. From there, the crime and the man-to-man as well as witnesses need to be interview or interrogate. data gathered during this military operation moldiness be valid in order for the Prosecutor eventually good deals down a charge. However, roughlytimes in certain(p) circumstances, officers, and detectives whitethorn press charges against an individual and it the Pro secutor to either appoint charges chthonic that individual. A prosecutor may book with the charges that the Detectives chose, and in that crusade, the charges rear end be amended to a greater or lesser charge. At this point, it is particularly necessary that the suspect seek legal advice. A appeal date give determine. This typically called a tryout, and at this point, the defendant green goddess fall in a plea of censurable, not guilty or no contest. From there, a trial w bedridden set in which the Prosecutor and refutal attorney allow for discuss their parapraxis before a jury. At the conclusion of the trial, the jury w autistic decide guilt or innocence. agree to Compton and Kotwicki (2007), Just like cases in which a psychological gruesomeness is not a factor charges against a defendant with a cordial illness may be dropped, the defendant can plead guilty, or the defendant can be found guilty or not guilty by trial (p. 490). A verdict of not guilty by reason o f insanity is not a conviction, and it does not require a basis for venomous sentencing and punishment. Not that the charge should go away, and when the render finds someone not guilty because of reason for insanity con brassred an acquittal. What the suppose does is making that individual do his or her time in either a rehab facility or in a affable hospital.Depending, on the defendants carri get along one could be eventually discharge with charges thrown out. If the defendants behavior becomes worse, charges lead not get dropped, and one give sentence to prison later on seeing the judge if the judge thinks he, or she would be competent to do his or her time in prison to finish the sentence for the crime her or she once committed (Compton and Kotwicki, 2007, p. 13). However, for bulk with mental illness, a judge may exercise discretion in pursuing alternatives to conviction and sentencing (Compton and Kotwicki, 2007, p. 13).Convictions could sneak for mental health issue s depending on what issue they adjudge. Many police officers or detective does not recognize the signs of a mental disease of an individual questioned or suspected of a crime. Reported to the New York Times, today many individuals can provide documentation with details giving them the right hand to get their conviction overturned. When a person is sitting in an examination room question for a crime, but has a mental illness that the police force cannot accept as well as does not accept the capabilities to invite for a lawyer, the judge will oftentimes abundantly so pat the police force for not seeing the signs of mental illness. When the defending team team represents their client, it appear in court, which if the right protocol not show whence the facts they appear before the court would behave no cause. Many individuals make false confessions because of the illness they have which will allow the convictions to get overturned. heap with mental illness cannot always tell t heir thoughts clearly or bring in what others ar saying to them (Persons With Mental unhealthiness Who Are Homeless Or Missing A Guide For Families, p. 1). In confusion, some will pull back while others have grandiose ideas and cannot make sound judgments (Persons With Mental distemper Who Are Homeless Or Missing A Guide For Families, p. 1). sometimes they set off home or other fixed surroundings, and they become homeless or missing (Persons With Mental Illness Who Are Homeless Or Missing A Guide For Families, 2012, p. 1). They can go for days, weeks, months or age (Guide To Help Locate Missing Homeless Mentally Ill, 2012, p. 1). Often they leave behind distraught families, hoping to realize their loved ones home or to another(prenominal) safe place (Guide To Help Locate Missing Homeless Mentally Ill, 2012, p. 1). Different examples of mental illnesses argon anxiety, which is a sense of fear, nervousness, and worry near something that may arise in the future. Attention de ficit hyper bodily process disorder (ADHD) that is a, mental illness characterized by an impaired ability to regulate activity direct (hyperactivity) attend to taxs (inattention) (Information astir(predicate) Mental Illness And The Brain, 2012, p. 2). Inhibit behavior (impulsivity), schizophrenia, which is a serious, inexorable, and disabling brain disease (Mental Illness Glossary, 2012, p. 2).People with schizophrenia much ache terrifying symptoms, much(prenominal) as hearing internal voices or believing that other people ar reading their minds, controlling their thoughts, or plotting to harm them (Mental Illness Glossary, 2012, p. 2). These symptoms may cause them anxious and withdrawn (Information About Mental Illness And The Brain, 2012, p. 1). Their speech and behavior so disorganized that they may be confusing or frightening to others (Information About Mental Illness And The Brain, 2012, p. 1). These are just some examples of health issues that go unrecognized, so whe n a crime committed many police officers not trained to understand the symptoms and behaviors that go a ample with the mental illness.Many individuals across the nation suffer from chronic mental illness that can affect several factors of ones life. It can take an adverse impact to employment, personal relationships, and a great deal leads to substance villainy and involvement of criminal activity. The team cannot control aspects of a mental illness we can determine the problems as well, as the issues surrounding the mentally ill individuals within the criminal justice system (Mentally Ill Offenders And County Jails Survey Results And polity Issues Criminal Justice, 2000, p. 15). in that location are many types of mentally ill offenders, some that commit angry crimes and others that commit minor offenses but from what even par that a person uses needs to understand that negotiatement is the place.Supporting resources revealed equivalent views by stating, Inadequate treatmen t and services leaves people unprotected from the military posture of their illness, and we wait and watch until they do something, often a non-violent misdemeanor, to put them in trouble with the law (Department of Health and Human Services, 2000, p. 1). For the offenders that commit minor offenses, law-enforcement officers ordinarily can identify them from observations. At this point, a police officer has the potential to Baker make up the criminal. Possessing an Offender Baker Acted can remember as a way involuntary intend to obtain mental health treatment, For example, a person who is presenting a threat to him or herself or other that may be cannot access the treatment needed.If the officer, decides to make an arrest rather the person brought to jail and eventually through a screening process. The perspicacity will determine the condition or severity of his or her mental see to itation. If the level is not uncommon, the offender place within the general population. If it affirm that he or she is a risk, the person is places on the psychiatric status for further ratings. Ultimately the mentally ill convict will brook treatment from physicians and case workers and spend eight times longer confine. An modal(a) prisoner to obtain the necessary treatment wants to become a cultivable member in society.The justice system has come a long distance by supporting programs, such as the Criminal Mental Health Project. This project was creating to discover better ways of handling mentally ill individuals. As they come in cutaneous senses, the criminal justice system as well as treatment requires. There are ii facilitate components to the development programs that accept pre-arrest and the post arrest diversion program. The pre-arrest deviation is aim to identify and prevent any mentally ill person from entering the criminal justice system.According to resources, For these diversion options to be successful, though, resources must observe release conditi ons and provides treatment. Otherwise, diversion will just contribute to the deinstitutionalization/ criminalisation revolving door (Center of Problem-Oriented Policing, 2006). Upon entry into treatment programs often offenders placed within community-based treatment facilities where they assimilate appropriate care. While undergoing treatment, they will continue to be varan by a court ordered case worker.There are many studies that have tried to tackle the common questions of, how the justice system should play a key role when coming in contact with the mentally ill and what is the appropriate action that should supplied to each obligation of an offender who is mentally ill. The criminal justice system faced with a quandary when a mentally ill person enters the justice system. The difficult task becomes weighing the options of punishment or providing treatment. This similar dilemma seen in the case of Andrea Yates, a 36 year-old native of Texas that drowned her five children. Ma ny horrified by this crime in hopes she would be discipline and others had mixed emotions. It came out during the hearing that she was mentally ill suffering from postpartum psychosis but was this merely a defense lawyers tactic.Further researcher revealed that, A Justice Department investigating from 1999 that estimates the number of mentally ill prisoners to be about 16% of the integral prison population. Analysts say fair treatment of the mental ill often overshadowed by opposition to the use of the insanity defense, which some claim abused a way to get away with crimes. According to reports, however, the insanity defense used in less than 1% of all criminal trials. Experts agree it succeeds in only about one-quarter of those cases (The Mentally Ill in the lawful System, 2009, p. 10).The problem still moves forward as the justice system debates on how to handle such circumstance. The issue becomes the responsibility as this is what country has distilled in the justice system . For this purpose, it is necessary to understand the roles and responsibilities that the justice system has in chronic further research on methods. To improve treatment of the mentally ill offenders as well as treatment for these offenders mentally.In a get taken by Psych Central, the discoveries suggest Two thirds of prisoners nationwide with a mental illness were off medication at the time of their arrest, according to a new exact by Harvard researchers that suggest under treatment of mental illness contributes to crimes and imprisonment (Mental Health News from North Carolina Mental Hope, n.d., P 5.). Although the discoveries may reflect distinctions, the key factor is that mental health can and does contribute to crime. Many of the soldiers who serve in the Army and do resolve will suffer from post-traumatic stress. Which lead, to a severe mental unbalance that finally results in crime. Very similar to that of a person who born with severe mental problems and lacks the abi lity to distinguish between right and wrong, many of these individuals commit a crime because of the constant replay of visions of acts committed while percentage but under the direct control (Doctor Says Palin In Excellent Health CBS News, 2011, P. 1). Unfortunately, whether a person born with mental issues, or develops psychological issues as a result of an event in life can be more likely to possess a strong fear of crime.Institutes for mental health care, review scientific research a critical activity. A good way to stimulate research is by simplifying data accruement through observation. In collecting data for the study of mental health issues, one effective way to collect data for this study would be through observation. Examination of subjects with mental illness would allow researchers to assess side effects of mental illness. For the study, of mental illness and crime consideration among other methods of data collection used to determine the effects of criminal activity i n conjunction with crime. By observing, subjects who been diagnosed with mental illness along with analyze and valuation of behavioral activities, a simple collection of information will assist in aiding researchers get answers to the questions of mental illness.The number of mentally ill offenders incarcerated is gradually growing. There are approximately seven percent of mentally ill offenders in jail within the U.S population. The approach to the participant evaluation will be selecting individuals whom have had prior encounters with the criminal justice system such as individual that entered the justice system and have under gone treatment from mental health professional that appointed by the mental health courts and not released. The selection of individuals will also include mentally ill offenders currently establishing a position with in the criminal justice system. These include but not limited to offenders currently seeking treatment for their illness, offenders that are awaiting the hearing process from the courts, and detainees from law-enforcement officers that have implemented the Bakers Act that is necessary for spotless and successful treatment. This evaluation would be far from stand in if the process did not include the experience and knowledge from the trained professional such as law-enforcement officers that often are the origin contacts made, the mental health courts that make the determination of each unique case, and the mental health professionals that treat the offenders in order for them to have a chance to be a productive member in society. They attempt to conduct this evaluation will pay close attention to the needs of these individuals, such as setting, technique of the evaluation and how the groups be combined in order to obtain accurate data.The evaluation will become much more simplified by combining the groups to obtain structure and order during the evaluation. The break down of the evaluation will be following an outlin e in which how the evaluation process conducted, this will ensure that all data collected and is significant to the study as well as the study groups. The groups be combined as the following, the prior mentally ill offenders findings be incorporated with the mentally ill offenders that currently detained in the criminal justice system, this can include first time offenders and offenders awaiting hearing. The next groups will consist of the offenders as a in all number and the experienced professional that have implemented their treatments and rehabilitation. The next acquaint in the evaluation is to secure an environment suitable for all participants. This will ensure comfort ability with the participants it would also be an area with no distractions. As the interviews are conducting a series of individuals questions, be generated for each individual. The soft data method that be implemented will make certain that other resources can be used to support the findings of the evaluat ion. Some refined resources that can be collected in this procedure are health check evaluation records and details procedures that utilized as guidelines for necessary treatment for the offender.When we blabber about the procedures for mental illnesses, the doctors have to treat each illness case by case basis. A prime example is a defendant that is mentally retarded. The defendant charged with kidnapping and murder. The mental retardation certify consisted of expert testimony that the defendant had mind deficits (an IQ below 70), and also contained three variable manipulations (1) testimony that the defendant lacked/did not lack a practical adaptive skill (the ability to care for himself) (2) testimony that the defendant lacked/did not lack a social adaptive skill (interpersonal abilities) and (3) the age of onset of the mental retardation as being from birth (before 18) or by and by age 18 due to a brain psychic trauma (Margaret Reardon, 2007, p. 11). Although by definition mental retardation cannot have an onset after age 18, many researchers points out the legal issue that identical intellectual deficits can develop regardless of age of onset (Margaret Reardon, 2007, p. 12).The jurors have to consider the mental illness of the person that set forth of the trial. Many defendants receive expert testimony that specifically stated that the crime was attributable to the defendants mental retardation. The nexus testimony stated that the defendant was unable to appreciate the criminal nature of their act and that he or she was vulnerable to following the stress of others due to their limited logical capacity (Margaret Reardon, 2007, p. 12).Participants then intended for to a page containing jury instructions where they recorded their verdict of whether the defendant is mentally retarded. Variables manipulated in the instructions included (1) the party carrying the burden of conclusion, (2) the standard of proof (beyond a reasonable doubt/by a preponderan ce of the evidence), and for the mental retardation determination, (3) the definition of mental retardation used (Margaret Reardon, 2007, p. 12).Many individuals have to understand the different emotions and styles with dealing with an individual with mental illness. Self-aware is well aware of their moods. These people have some sophistication about their frantic lives. They are in excellent psychological health and tend to have a positive outlook on life. When they get into a dismal mood, they do not ruminate or obsess about it, and are able to get out of it sooner. Engulfed are people who feel swamped by their emotions and helpless to escape them, they are mercurial and not particularly much aware of their feelings, so they lost in them rather than having some purview (Batool, 2011, p. 1). They have no control over their emotional life. Accepting people are usually clear about what they are feeling, they accept their mood, but do not try to change them either in total or seve re mood. This pattern found among depressed people who resigned to their despair (Batool, 2011, p. 1)).The difference between right and wrong is not easily explained. Mental health and illness within the walls of the correctional facilities throughout the United States are struggling with many obstacles. Many inpatients claim insanity or a mental illness. However, we left to believe that they are simply using this defense as a way to ask for forgiveness for the crime they have committed. There are many inmates that medicated, but nothing seems to help their violent outbursts. On the other hand, there are many inmates that are in fact, responding to medications to help their condition. According to Wendy Fry, producer of KPBS.org, she states that the cost per year to house an inmate is approximately $50,000 per year but that when an inmate hits the age of 55, we should expect that meat to almost triple. The idea of figuring out a way to pass along mental health and illness from t he prison setting is not as easy as one may think. Actually, it is next to impossible. Medicaid set up to help those who are below the income in which they could afford health insurance. Medicaid pays for mental health appointments as well as the medication to control such illnesses. However, without the will of the individual or the parents of children to seek out the help needed, our prisons will continue to be overcrowded and unsteady.There is one act that we can do. When an inmate comes into the realm of the correctional facility, we can do what we have been doing, we provide them with medical care, and this also includes mental health. From there it all depends on the individual if they are going to work the system, or let the system work for them. There is a saying that you can lead a horse to water, but you cannot make them drink. This can be applied to the correctional facilities inmates. Some people are just career criminals, and with that being said, some inmates clearly n eed mental health. So before, we can go in depth on a budget to help this situation, we need to know how to tell the difference between mental illness and simply an excuse to break the law.In conclusion, many problems stem from mental health illness when brought against the criminal justice system. Furthermore, many questions brought up about the sentencing and what punishing a person with a mental illness should obtain and what mark just for an individual with a mental illness. Certain laws are in place for people with a mental illness that commits offense. Some individuals who do have a mental illness but convicted and cut through the loop holes of the criminal justice system.

Speech on Christianity after Festive Season

Speech on Christianity later on Festive gentleA Job to DoIt is every last(predicate) over. That for which we hoped has come and gone. Christmas is over. All of the fervour and energy has waned. The decorations have disappe ard boxed and stored in the attic, the garage or the basement for an new(prenominal) year. School vacation is over. The old year is gone, and a novel one has begun. Everything is back on schedule. We argon back to life, as we subsist it. It happens every year.It is part of life non just a Christmas, plainly at other times as wellspring. Something is on the calendar for which we are fil conduct with great anticipation-birthdays, anniversaries, weddings, vacations, graduations, a new barter, a new adventure. wherefore in the blinking of an eye, the time has passed, and we are back to life in the ordinary, the normal, maybe it is a new normal, but there is a routine. there are things that have to be done groceries need to be purchased, the bear needs c leaned, bills need to be paid-we have a farm out to do, whether it is our employment, parenting, civilise work, ho engrosswork. Whether you are in childhood, or are an adolescent, teenager, young adult, middle age, or enjoying the years of retirement, there are things that we have to do from each one day. We whole have a job to doThrough the advent season, Christmas, and at one time into the New Year, into the season of Epiphany, the stories, the zippys of John and Jesus have been intertwined. We have hear the sister stories of the announcements of their births, the sister stories about their births and today, the weaving of their stories continue, even now, in their adulthood. They as well have a job to do.Johns job is to be the one who prepares the demeanor of the master key. He is the voice crying out in the wilderness. In the other gospels, he is the prophet, the baptizer. Luke presents him differently. His job is not to baptize. His job is to preach. He is a preacher f irst and foremost for Luke.Like any good preacher, some(a) of his sermons storey out the pecks sinfulness and their need for repentance. He reminds them that they have wondered off the path, ventured into on the hook(predicate) territory, and turned away from beau ideal and divinity fudges purposes.Like any good preacher, some of his sermons focus on how we are to live life in the range of Gods influence. He preached sermons that answered the question What shall we do? How do we live as people of God? These are the sermons that remind us of what we learned in sunshine School, Kindergarten, or around the dining room table-share, treat people fairly, be honest, and dont be greedy, but be content with what you have. All throughout life, we need to be reminded of these values.Like any good preacher, some of his sermons focused on the judgment of God and his coming into to the world. The messiah, the anointed one comes to turn the upside peck things right side up. A day go out co me when God will reveal himself and he will rid the world of evil, and restore creation to its rightful order.John was to preach repentance, covenant living, and the coming of the land of God. John had a job to do.Jesus had a job to do as well. He came to the Jordan. He heard the words of his cousin. He stepped in line with the other people. If you want details about his baptism, you need to fill the other gospels, because Luke is not interested in that event. For Luke, Jesus, in human flesh, coupled the crowd and was baptized without notice. Just as his birth was unremarkable, for Luke so was his baptism. Luke tells us that sometime after his baptism, while he was in orison, the divine olfactory perception came upon him. I ilk to think that he was in prayer seeking, like you and I do, discernment and direction for fulfilling Gods purposes, that the Holy Spirit came upon him, anointing him for the tasks that fabrication a stop, and through the blessing You are my Son, the B eloved with you I am well pleasedi he was set apart for the task ahead.Through his baptism, his commitment to prayer, the anointing of the Holy Spirit, the blessing of God, and his experiences of the wilderness temptations, Jesus was commissioned for the job for which he was born, the job that will lead him to Calvary and the tomb. We will learn to a greater extent about his job throughout the coming weeksWhat is important for us to go to bed is that after the cryations of the angels, the heavenly choir, the journey to Bethlehem, the smelly shepherds, the visitation of the Magi, the singing of contentment to the World, life got back to normal. John and Jesus grew up. The cousins matured. John and Jesus both(prenominal) had jobs to do.This morning, we are here to ordain and install Stephen Anderson, Mary Anne Fitzgerald, and Bernice Gibson to the office of control Elder in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.). They too, now have a job to do. The Holy Spirit led the nominating commi ttee, through their prayer for discernment, to these three persons. The Holy Spirit came upon them as they sought Gods will on the matter and led them to accept the job as legal opinion Elder. Upon further assessment, this congregation, through its prayer for discernment, confirmed the call of God upon Stephen, Mary Anne, and Bernice, and elected them to the office of Ruling Elder, to lead this congregation in the work of the Kingdom of God. Now today, we will ordain and install them to the office, and bestow upon the apostolic authority to guide us in our Christian vocation.Beginning today, they will attend to the job they are called to do. These three will join the other Ruling Elders on posing who have excessively been called and confirmed in the job before them.In that job, they will need to be prepared to be honest, pure, and loving in their lifestyle. Leadership is a privilege, and with privilege comes responsibility. God holds teachers of His truth doubly trustworthy beca use we who lead are in a position where we can either draw people toward Christ or drive them away from Him. This is illustrated in the life of the famous author Mark Twain.Church leadership were generally to blame for his becoming hostile to the Bible and the Christian faith. As he grew up, he knew elders and deacons who owned slaves and abused them. He heard men development foul language and saw them practice dishonesty during the week after speaking piously in church on Sunday. He listened to ministers use the Bible to justify slavery. Although he saw genuine love for the Lord Jesus in some people, including his mother and his wife, he was so unhappy by the bad teaching and poor example of church leaders that he became bitter toward the things of God. Indeed, it is a privilege to be an elder. But it is also an awesome responsibility. The Ruling Elders have a job to do.But so do you. Each of you has a job to do. Just as the commission of Jesus began with his baptism, and was confirmed through his prayer life and his struggle with the temptations of the world, each of us, regardless of whether we hold a position of authority and speak from the pulpit, light up decisions in the session room, teach Sunday School classes, work in the nursery, provide for fellowship or pray for those who do, we have a job to do.Kimberly Leetch rightly states, Every time we feed a hungry soul, visit one who is isolated, celebrate a widowers birthday, give money to charity, reduce, reuse, and recycle, we are delivery about Gods kingdom on earth. Gods kingdom is not an otherworldly, unreachable place. This is Gods kingdom. even off here. Right now.iiEach of us has a job to do. We may not all be preachers like John the Baptist. We may not all be called to be the decision makers. We may not all be called to positions of leadership in the church or in the community. However, we are called to live acts of kindness, to share what we have, to treat others with respect and dignity, to be content with that with which God has evoke us.When Martin Luther became discouraged and filled with doubt, he would put his hands on his head while saying, I have been baptized. Friends, remember your baptism. In it, God claimed you, God called you out of the world, and he placed you back in the world to act him to serve God and to serve human need. Remember your baptism. Remember, that because of your baptism, you have a job to do.Amen.i The Holy Bible New Revised Standard edition (Nashville Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1989), Lk 322.ii The Rev. Dr. Kimberly Kace Leetch. Clergy Stuff. www.clergystuff.org.

Principles Of Primary Health Care

Principles Of capital Health interestThis turn up will discuss the principles of aboriginal wellness rush and its applicability in in Australian natural communities. First it will discuss how and where primordial Health C ar came about. Secondly, this essay will talk about the social determinants of wellness and its principles, and the enormousness of federation development and its principles. Finally it will discuss its relevance in native communities.The international movement to implement health service sales pitch that continueed health promotion strategies. (S Couzos et al 2003) Strategies that examined food supply and nutritional and environmental factors in disease reckon, and provided for essential drugs and preventative intervention in addition to the delivery of primary health check bring off as defined by the man Health Organisation(WHO) conference in Alma Ata in 1978 and its subsequent declaration for primary health c ar.The International Conference on uncreated Health dispense was convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, in 1978, and was attended by virtually all the penis nations of the ground Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emerged as a study milestone of the twentieth century in the field of public health, and it identify primary health care (PHC) as the key to the attainment of the determination of Health for All (HFA).Alma-Ata Declaration. Encyclopaedia of Public Health. Ed. Lester Breslow. Gale Cengage, 2002. 26 April 2010 230 PMThe following definition was developed by the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute (APHCRI).Primary health care is socially appropriate, universally advanceible, scientifically sound, first level care provided by health operate and systems with a suitably trained workforce comprised of multidisciplinary teams back up by integrated referral systems in a way that gives priority to those in motivation and addresses health inequalities maximises l odge and individual self credit, participation and control and involves collaboration and partnership with other sectors to promote public health. Comprehensive primary health care includes health promotion, illness streak, treatment and care of the sick, club development, and advocacy and rehabilitation. (Primary Health Care Readings 2010)According to Services for Australian pastoral and Remote Allied Health SARRAH, the principles of primary health care are as follows equity, health promotion, working in teams, collaborating with others, working across the continuum of care, race healthApproach, social determinants of health and consumer and community participation.(Primary Health Care Readings 2010)As an idealistic approach to health and health care, primary health care is characterised by an holistic understanding of health as wellbeing, rather than the absence seizure of disease.Health promotion has been defined by the world health Organisations 2005 capital of Thailand C harter for Health Promotion in a Globalize World asthe process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health. Wikipedia, Health promotion, http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health promotion as of Apr. 26, 2010, 1403 GMT.As stated in Social Determinants of Health The straight Facts (WHO, 2003)Health policy was once thought to be about miniscule more than than the provision and funding of medical care the social determinants of health were discussed only among academics. This is now changing. While medical care can go survival and improve prognosis after some serious diseases, more important for the health of the population as a whole are the social and economic conditions that make people ill and in need of medical care in the first place.Nevertheless, universal access to medical care is clearly one of the social determinants of health. Wikipedia contributors. Social determinants of health. Wikipedia, The withdraw Ency clopaedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia, 12 Apr. 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2010.The social determinants of health are income and social status, education, health literacy, healthy living conditions, racism, discrimination and culture, early life factors and genetics, lifestyle factors and access to health care. The presence of good health is dependent upon several determinants health services are important, but equally important is access to housing, education, employment, communicating and other services.Primary Health Care Definition, Goal, Principles and StrategiesCommunity development principles, fit in to the Melbourne based Association of Neighbourhood Houses and Learning Centres (ANHLC) is as follows, community participation, community ownership, empowerment, lifelong learning, inclusion, access and equity, social action, advocacy, networking and self help. The health status of communities is both(prenominal) a function of and a reflection of development in those communities. The importance of community control is crucial in Primary Health Care health services should reflect local needs and involve communities and individuals at all levels of planning and provision of services. Training, development and curriculum design should be based on community needs and priorities. Attitudes, knowledge and skills developed on promoting prevention, intervention healing and rehabilitative health care.Community participation and awareness, with education building and consciousness raising on health and health-related issues.Primary Health Care Definition, Goal, Principles and StrategiesCare needs to be provided in the holistic context by culturally appropriately trained Aboriginal health professionals. This involves technology and working in collaboration with other agencies and services. This involves treatment of prevention of illnesses and management of chronic disease, provision of medication, rehabilitative services, maternal and child health, anti natal and po stnatal care, counselling, environmental health and community support services such as school health, transport, advocacy and interesting services which, should me do accessible to communities or as close as possible to where they live. It should encompass prevention, intervention, health promotion, education to encourage participation and access to information, resources and services. The leads to empowerment, self reliance and self determination and development of knowledgeable communities. This is Primary Health Care.

Euthanasia, why you should end your life in peace. Essay -- social iss

euthanasia, why you should overthrow your life in peace.Euthanasia.Resting in peace.Euthanasia is the process of peacefully ending the life of a terminally-ill person. This process should be legalised for people who have been suffering in pain for extensive periods of time. If a person wants to end their life with family and friends, they should be allowed to, rather so by chance dying suddenly with no-one around. The issue of Euthanasia has been around for almost a century, when in 1906 the American state of Ohio drafted a bill allowing the legal self-annihilation of terminally-ill patients. Whilst this bill was ultimately unsuccessful, it paved the way for many societies and legislation to be introduced, including a Worldwide Euthanasia society, founded in London in 1935. aft(prenominal) a period of being illegal around the world, there was then a spur of interest in the issue again. California make the process legal within its state and the nation of the Netherlands also dev ising it legal in its nation in 1984, which it has kept to this day. Columbia and lacquer are the only other countries to have legislation to allow Euthanasia. many people travel to these places to conclude their life legally. Patients should be able to end their life in a painless environment with family and friends. These people are very selfless as well their passing would allow these infirmary beds to become available for patients who have a chance of recovering and nutrition a normal life. The final choice is the...

Holistic Design Essay -- Industry Industrial Essays

holistic Designdissertation Design is the root of action if we can creatively construct our products and systems with decl ar oneself and understanding of the processes and side effects of these systems, we can reform our relationship to the raw(a) world.Introduction to Industrial DesignOur modern lives are full of make products. Nearly everything that surrounds us in our day-to-day lives is innate(p) of intense industrial processes, yet rarely do we think of the systems that project our lifestyles. Finding a single action in a day that does non in some way depend on fossil fuels is nearly impossible. Everything we usage, eat, or come in contact with has either been shipped or manufactured (or both) outlying(prenominal) away from where we live, and arrives at our door via processes that gobble up mounds of natural resources (Chiras, 2000). Because of the grandness of our lifestyle, we do not see the effects of these processes, and thus we rarely insure the long-term give birthability of our periodic actions. While humans have always survived by our ability to use our surroundings, the industrial revolution increased our power to thrive, alike increasing the sizing of our footprint (amount of land or resources required to sustain us). The machines that arose (and the knack for utilizing the animation in fossil fuels) during the industrial revolution greatly increased the turnout of manufacturing companies, also increasing the inputs of raw materials (Chiras, 2001). This increase in demand has direct to intense mining, logging and agricultural processes that have leftfield us with a less healthy world. Since industrial systems have been in place (mid 1700s), babys room gases in the atmosphere have increased, raising spherical temperatures, and threatening drastic... ...iras, Daniel (2000). The inherent House. Vermont Chelsea Green Publishing. Haines, Andrew, McMichael, Anthony J., Epstein, Paul R., McCally, Michael. Sept. 19, 2000. Environme nt and Health 2 Global humor Change and Health. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 163, identification number 6.Janzen, J. Daniel. Review of place of origin to Cradle. Flak Magazine. http//flakmag.com/books/cradletocradle.html. November 3, 2003. Lancaster, Brad. Lecture. May 2003. Tucson, Arizona. McDonough, Bill and Michael Braungart (2002). Cradle to Cradle. pertly York North pointedness Press.McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry Home Page. http//www.mbdc.com/profile_clients.htm November 3, 2003. Mollison, Bill (1988). Permaculture A Designers Manual. Tyalgum, Australia Tagari Publications. Reynolds, Michael (1990). Earthship, Vol. 1. Taos, New Mexico solar Survival Press. Holistic Design Essay -- Industry Industrial EssaysHolistic DesignThesis Design is the root of action if we can creatively construct our products and systems with purpose and understanding of the processes and side effects of these systems, we can improve our relationship to the natural world.Introduction to Industrial DesignOur modern lives are full of manufactured products. Nearly everything that surrounds us in our day-to-day lives is born of intense industrial processes, yet rarely do we think of the systems that support our lifestyles. Finding a single action in a day that does not somehow depend on fossil fuels is nearly impossible. Everything we use, eat, or come in contact with has either been shipped or manufactured (or both) far away from where we live, and arrives at our door via processes that gobble up mounds of natural resources (Chiras, 2000). Because of the affluence of our lifestyle, we do not see the effects of these processes, and thus we rarely consider the long-term sustainability of our daily actions. While humans have always survived by our ability to use our surroundings, the industrial revolution increased our power to thrive, also increasing the size of our footprint (amount of land or resources required to sustain us). The machin es that arose (and the knack for utilizing the energy in fossil fuels) during the industrial revolution greatly increased the output of manufacturing companies, also increasing the inputs of raw materials (Chiras, 2001). This increase in demand has led to intense mining, logging and agricultural processes that have left us with a less healthy world. Since industrial systems have been in place (mid 1700s), greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have increased, raising global temperatures, and threatening drastic... ...iras, Daniel (2000). The Natural House. Vermont Chelsea Green Publishing. Haines, Andrew, McMichael, Anthony J., Epstein, Paul R., McCally, Michael. Sept. 19, 2000. Environment and Health 2 Global Climate Change and Health. CMAJ Canadian Medical Association Journal, Vol. 163, Issue 6.Janzen, J. Daniel. Review of Cradle to Cradle. Flak Magazine. http//flakmag.com/books/cradletocradle.html. November 3, 2003. Lancaster, Brad. Lecture. May 2003. Tucson, Arizona. McDonough, Bil l and Michael Braungart (2002). Cradle to Cradle. New York North Point Press.McDonough Braungart Design Chemistry Home Page. http//www.mbdc.com/profile_clients.htm November 3, 2003. Mollison, Bill (1988). Permaculture A Designers Manual. Tyalgum, Australia Tagari Publications. Reynolds, Michael (1990). Earthship, Vol. 1. Taos, New Mexico Solar Survival Press.

The Self in Beloved, Secrets and Lies, and One Flew Over The Cuckoos N

Self in Beloved, Secrets and Lies, and One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest        Ones genius resides directly within wizards ego.  The self ultimately determines the characteristics of an individual.  The self is composed of many an(prenominal) different qualities that make one comical.  Everyone has self. However, there argon varying degrees of intelligence of self.  Many tribe enjoy a fortified guts of self while some others do not.  The question though, is what truly characterizes a strong sense of self from a run-down one? In Riverside Websters II dictionary it defines the word self as the essential being of one person as distinct from any other. A particular horizon of a person (Websters 614).  While factually this exposition is correct, I turn over the true definition of self is considerably more complex.        In travel back to my question about the different senses of self, the unique q ualities that compose the self must first be analyzed.  Personality is one of the most operative components of self. I believe if one has a weak sense of self-sense consequently they are easily s meansed by others opinions.  Decisions are difficult to make on theyre own and they need the constant companionship of others to make them feel complete.  Conversely, I believe that an individual, who is very confident and independent, exhibits a strong sense of self.  These types of individuals are not afraid to stand up for their beliefs.   An emotionally and socially strong person assesses a situation and does not take the easy way out.  They strive to secure what is best and do what is morally necessary to achieve their goals.&nbs... ...its such a disillusioned image of self and she cannot resist from theft the spotlight, even on Roxanne birthday.  Cynthia reverts to these low level because her of weak sense of self.     &nb sp  Overall, I believe that ones personality is a direct reflection of ones self.  Self defines and determines the unique characteristics portrayed in an individual.  The are many different levels of self that people portray.  An individual who is very passive and allows others to take advantage of them demonstrates a weak sense of self, much like Sethe and Cynthia.  On the other hand, McMurphy proves to be an first-class representation of a man with a strong self-awareness.  He forbids other people, such as nurse Rachet from controlling him.  McMurphy shows the true definition of a strong sense of self.

How to Tell Someone Off :: essays research papers

I usually do non respond to such letters, solely I will do an expulsion this time. And this because I believe that in your arrogance you must bring forth post this idiotic letter in your forums, so that you look a elusive guy to your friends. I apologise for not beingness an intelligent player, its overt we cannot all be smart in this world. To make a unworthy point if your ex-majesty allows me 1) I did not try to accomplice anything rather than guard fun with the war. It was not my choice if everyone attacked me, what does it mean what did you try to accomplice do you actually think I invited everyone aboard ? 2) Generally speaking Orcs do not go for honour, is this your first day in the game ? 3) I have never lost acres, sorry. Despite the battering I always terminate up with more than I started with, in every single war. I have only been broken once this age, and this by a province 1,000 acres bigger than me. Pure luck of course, I dont have the brains to be good. 4) Sorry you cannot see my point in playing, it is only to have fun. I guess yours is... honour ? Nah... land ? Hmmm good try. 5) Your judgment is excellent and you detection magnificent - yes I always try to get beaten shovel in to use this as an excuse for aid - how did you find out Since my plans are all clear now, yes I become monarch because my provinces also resembling to see me beaten down to pulp and then help me buns *sigh* I thought none would ever realise As for declaring to a kingdom 700k smaller than us - sorry about that - soulfulness whispered to me that going into war with kingdoms 85% of your networth is legal. As for the attack on us, sorry it drew our attention - its fair to attack provinces who war others but not declaring on another kingdom - my apologies As for you not being organised, I never said that, you kingdom fights well, apart from you whos presence I just noticed by this letter. Thats probably besides the so-called tactical approach of hitting onl y one and leaving the shack untouched, but we shall see who will come on top it in the following days wont we ?

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Essay example -- essays research pap

The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson professorship Andrew Johnson assumed parting following Lincolns assassination. Johnson had his own ideas of reconstructive memory and tried to conduct his own course of follow through in putting the Union spinal column together following the well-bred War. A series of bitter political quarrels between President Johnson and home Republicans in copulation over Reconstruction Policy in the due south eventually led to his impeachment.Radical Republicans wanted to enact a far-reaching faulting of southwesterlyern social and economic life, for good ending the white-haired planter class system, and favored granting freed slaves citizenship and voting rights. later the war, they came to believe whites in the South were seeking to somehow preserve the old slavery system down the stairs a sweet appearance, (Divine 389).In April of 1866, copulation enacted a Civil Rights make in response to southern gloomy Codes. The act granted new rights to native-born blacks, including the right to testify in court, to sue, and to buy property. President Johnson vetoed the act, claiming it was an incursion of states rights and would cause conflict between the races. Congress overrode the veto by a single vote. This marked the beginning of the escalating baron struggle between the President and Congress, (Divine 395).In June of 1866, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing civil liberties for both native-born and established ... The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson Essay example -- essays research pap The Impeachment of Andrew JohnsonPresident Andrew Johnson assumed office following Lincolns assassination. Johnson had his own ideas of Reconstruction and tried to take his own course of action in putting the Union back together following the Civil War. A series of bitter political quarrels between President Johnson and Radical Republicans in Congress over Reconstruction Policy i n the South eventually led to his impeachment.Radical Republicans wanted to enact a far-reaching transformation of Southern social and economic life, permanently ending the old planter class system, and favored granting freed slaves citizenship and voting rights. After the war, they came to believe whites in the South were seeking to somehow preserve the old slavery system under a new appearance, (Divine 389).In April of 1866, Congress enacted a Civil Rights Act in response to southern Black Codes. The act granted new rights to native-born blacks, including the right to testify in court, to sue, and to buy property. President Johnson vetoed the act, claiming it was an invasion of states rights and would cause conflict between the races. Congress overrode the veto by a single vote. This marked the beginning of the escalating power struggle between the President and Congress, (Divine 395).In June of 1866, Congress passed the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, guaranteeing civil liberties for both native-born and naturalized ...

The Stranger and The Guest Essays -- Character Analysis, Daru, Meursau

French playwright Albert Camus once said, Nobody realizes that any(prenominal) people expend tremendous energy merely to be normal. In The Stranger and The Guest the overarching theme that those who do not conform to exemplary societal values and do not adequately relate to others argon appraised as a threat to companionship as a whole. In some(prenominal) works the protagonists isolate themselves, and society isolates them because of their non-conforming beliefs. Both Daru and Meursault are not able to accept the abstract ideals of society, and prefer isolation. For them relating to the physical world is overmuch easier to relate to because it is concrete and definite, rather than the ambiguity of the moral ideals held by society. As a result of this objection to society they become indifferent and disconnect from societal expectations, intern this allows both protagonists to defy the rules of society, and expunge their innate flaws. In the Guest, Daru constantly observes the landscape, especially the sun and the snow on the rocky, empty plateau. Daru discusses the yearning of the sun the earth shriveled up little by little, literally scorched every st single bursting into dust under ones foot (Guest 304). Despite the debilitating drought, followed by unhelpful snow nearly home, Daru does not complain, but instead observes and respects the landscape for being his save home. Daru does not associate his home with family or friends, rather with the physical qualities of it. The headmaster is like a monk in his remote schoolhouse, nonetheless agreeable with the little he had and with the rough life (Guest 304). Even though he is isolated and lives in a secluded area, he enjoys the quiet and seclusion in which he is liberated from being at a exclude proximity to s... ...ecause he believes that societys laws are flawed.Meursault and Daru are both considered outsiders of society because they are not able to understand the other characters in the sto ry. This is because each character represents an aspect of society, like Balducci in the Guest, and everyone in the courtyard in The Stranger represents the law and justice system. Camus uses the actions and words of seemingly trivial characters to allude to the flaws and problems of society. In both works of Camus, the protagonists view the other characters in the story from an outsider view, allowing for a new perspective in which society and its problems can be assessed by the reader. By making the protagonists detached from society, one can truly see the underlying issues within society. That is why the isolation and alienation of Meursault and Daru are crucial in Camus works.

Witchcraft in the 15th century Essay examples -- essays research paper

In this paper, I will explore many aspects of the divulgebreaks of the witch accusations and witch trials which plagued England and the reside of Europe from approximately 1450 to 1750. Though numerous theories have been provided as to the reasons for these hunts and trials, in that respect are common chord which are the just about prevalent, and able to support themselves. These three theories are the topics of gender, as a stepping st ane towards the oppression of women social class, as a relief of tension and stress formed by the socio-economic gaps surrounded by the wealthy and the poor and finally organized religion, as a result of the boost to conform much steadily towards one religion. I chose to argue towards the ternion theory I have stated, that of the unearthly changes facing England at the time. throughout the three hundred years that the perceived problems of witchcraft haunted this nation, the ghostlike momentum swayed back and forth many generation. My decis ion to support the religious theories attached to witchcraft may not be as conventional as most students. It was a decision based more upon the motives and not so hidden agendas that the theorists who were (obviously) not present at the times of the trials. Historical fact has been in debate for as long as history has been recorded, because everything written or spoken is rhetoric, and this impossible to escape from. T herefore, in order to defend my decision to choose religion, I will be adopting a new historicist point of view for the first few paragraphs of this paper.To me, the other(a) two major theories applied to the problems of witchcraft seem much to politicized to be considered as historical. As Sharpe states, addressing the gender issue first, The crucial development here was the rise of the Womens Movement in the United States and Europe(9). He continues to say that these women sought to construct a history of oppression which would suffice inform their consciousness in their ongoing struggle(10). This theory absolutely reeks of ulterior motives. Though it bottom of the inningnot be denied that approximately eighty percent of the witches put to death during these times were women, it seems odd that no scholars felt inclined to point this out as relevant until the 1970s when it fit into the construction of a history. score should not be constructed in order to suit the needs of the present, nor the future. Ac... ...now such things as be not fitting and that their complection i.e. psychological condition is softer, and from hence more easily receive the impressions offered by the divell sic (Document 9, 109). Direct connection is made to the Christian church in his fourth point, using Genesis as a reference, in his insistence that in them women is a greater facility to fall, and and then the divell at first tooke advantage and set upon Eve in gos absence sic (109). This once again connects a popular notion and probably on of the most famo us stories in Christianity to the idea of witchcraft.In conclusion, though I have shown support for the religion theory most of all in this paper, I do believe that it was not one aspect that set this craze off. Many different theories overlapped to form this tragic and lengthy period of Englands history. Obviously, from the notes weve taken in this class, we realize that religion did and always will play a major role in England, or any other country for that matter. Perhaps from this spectacle of unnecessary death, we can learn that any institution, given too much power can, take down unwillingly, prove dangerous.

Oedipus :: Greek Gods

Oedipus, the ruler of Thebes, approaches a group of unhappy citizens, represented by a priest, and asks them what is wrong. They answer that the city is dying and that they are sick and poor. Oedipus sympathizes and tells them that, as their ruler, he is similarly troubled by the sickness of the city, and has already interpreted gaits to see that something be done about it. The first step he has taken was to send Creon to Apollos shrine to see what the god recommends they do. As Creon appears, he tells them that the god, Apollo, said that there is bad extraction in Thebes, and that until this logical argument is expelled Thebes will be a sick city. This bad blood is the blood of the person who killed Laios. When Oedipus asks why the case was non investigated, as he had not come to Thebes at that point, the people answer that they were too busy onerous to solve the Sphinxs riddle. Oedipus says that no matter what the cost is, he will seduce to the bottom of it, both because it harms Thebes, and because Laios was noble and loyal. The elders say that they do not digest any knowledge of the murder, and suggest that Oedipus call Tiresias, a blind prophet, to stand by and advise him. Oedipus says that he has already done this, and Tiresias arrives promptly. Although reluctant to speak, Oedipus forces Tiresias to reveal what he knows. Tiresias says that Oedipus is Thebes pollution and that he killed his father and sleeps with his mother, and that this is the truth. Oedipus accuses Tiresias of lying on Creons behalf so that Creon cannister kill Oedipus and take over the position of ruler of Thebes.Creon enters and says that Oedipus is not do any sense-of course he did not collaborate with Tiresias, because he also owns a third of Thebes but chooses not to rule it, leaving Thebes to Oedipus, which shows that he is not interested in ruling at all. Iokaste enters and stops the both men from arguing. When Creon leaves, she asks Oedipus what happened and he exp lains the whole story to her. She tells him not to believe the manner of speaking of the oracle, as an oracle once predicted that her son would kill his father and appoint her bed, and this has never happened. She bore a son with Laios, but Laios had the feet of the child cut back and had the child tossed in the wilderness.

Holdens Depression in Catcher in the Rye Essay -- J. D. Salinger

The Catcher in the Rye, by J.D. Salinger, portrays Holden Caulfield as a manic-depressive. Holden uses three techniques throughout the novel to cope with his depression. He smokes, drinks, and dialogue to Allie. Although they may not be positive, Holden finds comfort in these three things.Holden smokes a lot when he is nervous, or bored. When the stripper is in his room he noticed that she is shaking her foot as if she is nervous. He offers her a cigarette, twice. some(prenominal) times she says no. Holden offers Sunny the cigarette because he thinks it would calm her down, deal cigarettes calm him down when he is nervous. I sat in the t unrivaled down for a while and smoked a couple of cigarettesboy, I mat up miserable (98). The smoking habit may have come from his pay off. Holden says his mother smokes a ton when she is nervous (158). Holden does this when he is nervous too. The additive nicotine calms a persons nerves when they smoke. He continues to smoke when he is nervou s, and if one cigarette doesnt do it, hell smoke another qualification him an avid chain smoker. He smoked two packs in the foremost few d...

Dracula :: Character Analysis, Renfield

While the casing of Renfield is ostensively extraneous to the central plot of Dracula, he fulfils an important role in stokers exploration of the central infrastructures of the novel. This paper will take apart how Renfield character is intertwined with the three central themes of encroachment, wrinkle and otherness. Firstly, through Renfields intimate struggle we learn that he is not his own master (Stoker, 211). The theme of invasion is revealed by the say-soling and occupying powers of Count Dracula. Secondly, the recurring theme the production line is the Life (Stoker, 121), is portrayed throughout the novel and has been interpreted through Stokers character Renfield. Then finally, a look at the complaisant construction of the other in Dracula and how, through Renfield, who is unlike the usual lunatic (Stoker, 52), the Count emerges as the other of all others.Stoker has rendered the lector to see the Count as physically strong and powerful, through Jonathan Harker and his confinement and Lucy Westenra and her failing health. Although the ratifier does not understand all the omniscient powers and control that Count Dracula possesses all over people, they are brought to light through Dr custodians accounts of his patient R.M. Renfield. The strange and sudden change (Stoker, 86), that has happened in Renfield evokes the reader to contemplate the Counts influence over people. Dr Steward suggests it is as though a religious mania has seized Renfield (Stoker, 87), and is controlling him. The reader is conscious(predicate) that Renfield can feel the Counts presence and that there is a connection betwixt them. This eventually leads Van Helsing to recognize the bond between Mina Harker and the Count, which helps them to take a chance Dracula and finally kill him. Draculas invasion over Renfield also reveals a weakness in the Counts power. Renfield, an obedient servant of Dracula, claims he is here to do Your bidding, Master. I am Your s lave (Stoker, 88). Renfields obedience is quickly reversed when he sees that the Count is taking life from Mina. It is his rush for her that causes him to turn against Dracula and try to fight for her. Again Renfields actions pantomime that of the other men as it becomes their goal to save Mina from the invasion running through her body. The key to this invasion is the blood.The central theme of blood in Dracula is paralleled through Renfield.

This above all, to thine own self be true: Being True to Yourself :: essays research papers

Although many works of literature are very long, the important idea can be summarized in one or cardinal of its lines. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, the most important line is This above all, to thine protest self be adjust, / And it must follow, as the night the day, / Thou canst non then be false to any man (1.3, 78-80). Spoken by Polonius, this advice is present throughout the entire play, together with the motifs of truth and lying. The characters desire to be true to themselves however, some of them are not true to others. The main character, Hamlet, is a character that is not true to others, nor to himself. When the Ghost of his father tells him he was off by Claudius, Hamlet doubts the truth. He does not trust the ghost of his father, so has to find a way to kick upstairs it. Deciding on how to prove or disprove the Ghost, Hamlet predicts The plays the thing / Wherein Ill catch the conscience of the fag (2.2, 616-17). Because he distrusts the Ghost, Hamlet is not tr ue to his father. However, when his plan proves to him that the Ghosts words are true, Hamlet simmer down does not act he still cannot avenge his fathers murder. Hamlet decides not to kill Claudius, using the fact that he is praying as an excuse. Hamlet does not want Claudiuss head to go to heaven, then he decides not to kill him, explaining A villain kills my father, and for that, I, his sole son, do the same villain send to heaven (3.3, 76-78). However, after trying to pray, the King claims that his prayers were not heard My words fly up, my thoughts remain below. / Words without thoughts never to heaven go (3.3, 97-8). Therefore, had Hamlet chosen to kill Claudius at that time, his soul would have gone to Hell. Hamlet uses God as an excuse for not acting. He is not true and is lying to himself, because he wants to kill Claudius, however does not. Claudius is also a character who is neither true to himself nor to others he is not being true to the rest of the kingdom. He does not want to channel up his gains, so the people of Denmark do not know why their previous King has died and his brother taken over. While making an endeavor to pray, he realizes that his sins cannot be forgiven.