Political and Economic Persian and Greek Comparison Essays

Persia and Greece were beautiful and prosperous empires and where the most influential of their time. In this essay I will talk about the two main empires’ political structures and their economy and I will also state similarities and differences between the two empires. The two empires’ political structures might have varied greatly but their economies were very similar. Even though they had differences and had major battles they were still the ideal empires of their time. The Persians had a very good government. Before Persia became known as the largest empire in the world in its time period they were not unified. It wasnt until 522 B.C. that the Persian Empire became unified. Emperor Darius accomplished the real unification of this†¦show more content†¦Therefore replacing barter with the exchange of money. Greece was a very high-class civilization, where the government was based on city-states. Perhaps their greatest invention of all was the form of governme nt they came up with, which we still use today-democracy. However these Greek democracies are nothing like our democracy today. The probably most well known ruler of Greece was Alexander the Great. He was the leader of Macedonia, the city-state that took control over Greece, and he eventually gained control over Greece as a whole. Alexander the Great was probably the best leader of all time in Greece. He conquered new lands, but he was the first person to adopt the new lands customs, instead of forcing his customs on the new territory. This is why many of the civilizations he conquered actually were glad he took them over. He also encouraged his soldiers to marry the women from the new territories to show cultural involvement. The Greek economy was based off of agriculture. They were also colonized to somewhat like the states we have in America. Their main crops and trade products were grapes, olives, and wine. The Greek commerce and trade by sea is what made all of the Greek city-s tates as wealthy and important as they were. The Greeks were often called â€Å"The Masters of the Mediterranean† because of their skillful seafaring. The Greek and Persian civilization had a lot of similarities andShow MoreRelatedAncient Greece, Rome, And Persian Essay2093 Words   |  9 PagesCulture Comparison The civilizations that I decided to elaborate on are Greece, Rome, and Persian. The purpose of this essay is to compare and contrast the similarities and differences of these civilizations. These civilizations will be analyzed in the area of their cultural, social, political, economic, diplomatic and military collating. Greece, Rome, and Persian are very distinctive and fascinating civilization. From the information I have learned through the semester will help me sharply juxtaposeRead MoreAlexander The Great Was Responsible For Developing World1479 Words   |  6 PagesDuring the fourth century, the ancient world was rocked by a dynamic political figure from the unlikely territory of Macedon. Alexander the Great was responsible for developing one of the largest empires the ancient world had ever witnessed. His military campaigns yielded major territorial gains across multiple continents, earning him incredible authority and prestige up to his untimely death. With the Macedonian thr one newly vacant, a power vacuum developed as military elites sought to seize controlRead MoreThe Complete Persepolis By Marjane Satrapi1552 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout The Complete Persepolis by Marjane Satrapi the idea of inequality is introduced through several examples. Marjane Satrapi uses the title to comment on inequality in all aspects of Marjane’s life, including gender, religious, economic, and racial status. Although there are several forms of inequality that the title attempts to highlight within the story, it focuses primarily on the issues of gender inequality by comparing the issues that Marjane faces due to her gender and comparing itRead MoreAncient Greece and Greek Gods Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pages | |nation in comparison | | | | | | | | |to their own. | | | | | |Babylonian |2000 – 539 BCE |The Babylonian political structure|Hammurabi’s code. |Humans’ responsibility toRead MoreWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pageswere impressive because of the impact they had on regions that they conquered; their sheer size and the number of subjects over which they ruled; their military conquests; and their monumental architecture, often associated with the promotion of political authority. †¢ Their use of force in the creation of empires and their use of coercion to extract resources, particularly from conquered peoples, offer a strong argument that they were destructive and oppressive. 4. Do you think that the classicalRead MoreChanges in Democracy: from Early Athenian to Present Day Politics1900 Words   |  8 Pagesin a democracy have been drastically changed from their original meanings and diluted into persuasive political language to become mere rhetoric as opposed to meaningful concepts of ethical and moral value. The word democracy is thrown around to make convincing, patriotic speeches that many times are utilized to usurp the rights and property of peoples in the name of this most sacred of political concepts in the history of western civilization. In order to better understand the true meaning of thisRead MoreThe Athenian And Roman Empires7856 Words   |  32 Pagesformed a traditional locus of social, political, and economic organization. Thoughts on cities during the second century AD continued to be seen as important hubs of society within the Roman Empire. By the middle of the second century AD, Greece had been a subject territory to Rome for nearly two hundred years. Greeks were certainly not pleased to have an imperial master, but many adjusted and ingrained themselves into the new world order. The works of a Greek orator and rhetorician from Asia MinorRead MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pagesover southern Africa can be best explained by their * Knowledge of agriculture 5. Characteristics of complex civilizations * Specialization of labor * Trade and cultural diffusion * Written languages * Complex political order and power 6. Evidence proves that the Mesopotamians * Traded extensively with peoples as far away as Anatolia, Egypt, India 7. Major effect of Neolithic Revolution * The establishment of sedentary village communities Read MoreDifferences Between Egyptian And Egyptian Civilization Essay861 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat respect to women at least in the upper classes, in part because marriage alliances were vital to the preservation and stability of the monarchy, Also, Egyptian religion included more pronounced deference to goddesses as sources of creativity. Comparison suggests civilization that varied substantially because of largely separate origins and environments. The distinction in overall tone was striking, with Egypt being more stable and cheerful in relations to beliefs about gods and the afterlife butRead MoreAlexander the Great Essay13163 Words   |  53 PagesALEXANDER THE GREAT BY: JOHN J. POPOVIC CATEGORY: HISTORY – GREEK HISTORY ALEXANDER THE GREAT ΑÎ »ÃŽ µÃŽ ¾ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ´Ã ÃŽ ¿ÃÆ' ÃŽ  ÃŽ ·ÃŽ ¹ÃŽ »ÃŽ ¹Ãâ‚¬Ãâ‚¬ÃŽ ¿Ãâ€¦ ÃŽÅ"ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ºÃŽ µÃŽ ´ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½ÃŽ ¿ÃŽ ½, Alexander the Invincible, later renamed by the Romans, Alexandros Philippou Makedonon, Alexander III the Great of Macedon (356-323 B.C.) PROJECT by John J. Popovic Alexander accomplished greater deeds than any other ruler before or after him. This project is dedicated to the most charismatic and heroic king of all times. Edition 9.2 SYNOPSIS Introduction Alexanders

Essay on Abortion - 2047 Words

Abortion Women may have an abortion for a variety of reasons, but in general they choose abortion because a pregnancy at that time is in some way wrong for them. â€Å"Abortion is the removal of a fetus from the uterus before it is mature enough to live on its own† (Kuechler 1996). When this happens spontaneously we call it a miscarriage. Induced abortion is brought about deliberately by a medical procedure that ends pregnancy. Legal abortion, carried out by trained medical practitioners, is one of the most common and safest surgical procedures. â€Å"About 1.5 million American women choose to have induced abortions each year. Less than 1% of all abortion patients experience a major complication associated with the procedure† (Kuechler 1996).†¦show more content†¦After that, surgical abortion may be the safest and best option. Methotrexate has been used in the US since 1953, when it was approved by the FDA to treat certain types of cancer. Since that time, â€Å"medical researchers have discovered other important uses for the drug† (Ankerberg and Weldon 4). One of these uses is to end unintended pregnancies. Although the â€Å"FDA did not consider methotrexate for this specific purpose, clinicians may prescribe and are now prescribing methotrexate for early abortion†(Ankerberg and Weldon 4). Methotrexate is usually given to a pregnant woman in the form of an injection or shot, although it can be taken orally. â€Å"Methotrexate stops the ongoing implantation process that occurs during the first several weeks after conception. Another medication that might be used is mifepristone†(Ankerberg and Weldon 4). Mifepristone is a newer medication that was developed and tested specifically as an abortion inducing agent. It works by blocking the hormone progesterone, which is necessary to sustai n pregnancy. Without this hormone, â€Å"the lining of the uterus breaks down, the cervix opening of the uterus or womb softens, and bleeding begins†(Ankerberg and Weldon 5). A few days after taking either methotrexate or mifepristone, a second drug, misoprostol, is taken. â€Å"Misoprostol tablets cause the uterus to contract and empty†(Ankerberg and Weldon 5).Show MoreRelatedAbortion : Abortion And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesAbortion Abortion is defined in several ways all of which stop a pregnancy. There are different ways of abortion, which are spontaneous abortion, surgical abortion, and medical abortion. Abortion has been arguable topic for decades. One can neither believe abortion to be good nor bad. The idea of individuality and human life is not quite the same. Idea of human life has come from conception; simultaneously on the other hand, fertilizer eggs used for in vitro fertilization are also human lives butRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion Essay921 Words   |  4 PagesPaper: Abortion Laws The topic of abortion is a widely debated and very heated topic in Texas. The Republican party’s platform supports family values and are completely against abortion under any circumstances, including abortifacients. The Democrat party’s platform supports the rights for women to make choices about their own bodies. They support abortifacients and a person’s right to have an abortion. There is also a large percentage of those that are in the middle in that they believe abortion shouldRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion998 Words   |  4 PagesIn the United States there are more than a billion abortions performed each year. Since the court case Roe vs Wade in 1973 more than 56 million babies have been murdered in the United States before they had the chance to take their first breath (Snyder, Michael). These statics along with many more show the huge injustice that is happening in the country I call home. Abortion is defined as the removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus in order to end a pregnancy. It can include any of variousRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Anti Abortion1624 Words   |  7 Pagesa very large controversy between the ideas about abortion and anti-abortion. Different religious views, beliefs, peoples many different customs and even people of different cultures all have their own preferences and ideas on the take of this political issue. Views against abortion can lead to as much of an impact as a violent/non violent riots outside of an abortion clinics, to something as simple article in the newspaper. The belief on abortion that leads to a lot of the controversy is that inRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion Essay1656 Words   |  7 Pages An abortion is when the pregnancy of a women is ended; it is called sometimes Termination of pregnancy. There are two types of abortion. The first type is the spontaneous abortion; it occurs within the first two months. What causes it is frequently unknown yet is probably the results of intra-uterine contamination, or limited attachment in the building unborn child to the interior coating walls in the womb (uterus). Such conditions this unborn child, if the idea advances further, mayRead MoreAbortion, The, And Abortion953 Words   |  4 Pagesdebates that is constantly talked about is abortion. When it comes to abortion, the laws vary depending on the state you live in. Whether people support or are against abortion, few actually know about the abortion process. Have you ever heard of suction aspiration or prostaglandin chemical abortion? Those are two of the various methods that are performed in the different trimesters of pregnancy. According to writer Steven Ertelt of Li feNews.com, Oklahoma’s abortion laws are restrictive compared to otherRead MoreAbortion : Abortion And Abortion1930 Words   |  8 PagesAbortion has been around for quite some time. Laws have been set allowing it and banning it during different periods of time. The procedures that can be done are all very different. There is a medical abortion involving drugs and there are surgical abortion involving a more invasive procedure. There are also different points of view on it. There are those who fully support the termination of a pregnancy and those who are completely against it. There are many factors to consider and very differentRead MoreAbortion : The Fight For Abortion1543 Words   |  7 PagesAlthough abortion was decriminalized in 1973, the fight for abortion rights did not end with Roe v. Wade. Just in the past three years, there have been systematic restrictions on abortion rights sweeping the country sate by state. In 2013, 22 states enacted 70 antiabortion meas ures, including pre-viability abortion bans, unnecessary doctor and clinic procedures, limits on medicated abortion, and bans on insurance coverage of abortion In 2011, 92 abortion restrictions were enacted, an in 2012, thatRead MoreAbortion : The Issue Of Abortion1212 Words   |  5 PagesThe topic of abortion has been an ongoing debate for many years. According to ProChoice.org, abortion was legal in in the days of the early settlers. At the time that the constitution was adopted abortions were legal. Abortions were openly advertised and performed before the first fetal movement (13-16 weeks from the start of a women’s last period). The concern for abortion started in the late 1800’s when immigrants were coming into the country in large numbers and the fear was that they would produceRead MoreIs Abortion Wrong? Abortion?1321 Words   |  6 PagesIs Abortion Wrong? There continues to be a hot debate on abortion. Some people feel that this issue is neither right nor wrong, just simply a â€Å"to each his own† idiom. Those who are for abortion, tend to believe a woman has a right to decide what goes in her body and if she is capable of bringing life into this world. On the other side, there is an equal fervent opposition that killing an innocent unborn baby is wrong and unjustly, murder in the first degree of a helpless baby. Not only are they

Medicine in Colonial America Free Essays

Medicine in Colonial America was much different from today, but gave us a lot of insight in the human body’s needs. Due to lack of education, experience, proper tools, and hygiene, many patients died. However, there were also many people who were saved through the medical procedures and lived full and healthy lives. We will write a custom essay sample on Medicine in Colonial America or any similar topic only for you Order Now Few doctors in Colonial America actually received a formal education through a medical school, because there was really only one school: the Pennsylvania Hospital (Rorke, n. d. ). This program was far too expensive and for some located too far away, thus they could not attend. Furthermore, because of the lack of complete knowledge, these schools would not have provided any more information than one would obtain by learning from another doctor, which in most cases would be a much cheaper education, thus, most doctors learned through apprenticeships. They had to complete a 7 year apprenticeship before being considered a doctor. Of course there were Quacks, or citizens who pretended to have medical knowledge just to make a profit. Moreover, there were female medical practitioners, called midwives. They received no formal education and learned through apprenticeships as well. They birthed children and cared for the ill that could not afford a doctor’s care, or lived too far from a medical facility. When not even a midwife was available to treat a patient, the women of the households were responsible for the family health. Another group that provided medical care was Catholic monks who came over from Europe and brought along their wisdom of operating techniques, healing herbs and essential oils. These monks had a special way of numbing their patients with a plant called henbane. Their patients overcame the operations more quickly while less of them died in contrast to using barbaric operation and healing techniques that many colonial doctors were using. Today, we have many medical schools that are still very expensive and vigorous, but provide a more well-rounded education. Just like the doctors of Colonial America, doctors today undergo a sort of required apprenticeship after medical school, called a residency, which, for a surgeon ranges from five to eight years, depending on their specialty. Midwives are still available, but usually take care of pregnancies. Today, midwives must go through special training to become either a CNM- certified nurse midwife, or a CM- certified midwife. There have been great advances in medical procedures since the late 1700’s. For example, according to Rorke (n. d. ) to amputate a limb, doctors in colonial times would first numb the patients’ pain by intoxicating them with brandy or rum and have them bite on a wooden stick. Then, the medical team would hold them down on the table, while the doctor tied a leather tourniquet around the patients’ limb. The surgeon would start to cut through the flesh with his amputation knife and then saw through the bone itself using an amputation saw. Subsequently, the bone shavings were removed by pouring whiskey or just plain water over the wound. Conversely, the remaining limb was burned with a hot iron to close the blood vessels and veins. They could then wrap the stump with pure cotton bandages and let it heal. Only approximately 35% of patients survived this procedure! The procedure itself sounds cruel, but the patients’ lives might have been at risk if it had not taken place, such as the rotting of the flesh, or blood poisoning, caused by an accident, or being shot with a bullet or poisoned arrow. Another example would be dentistry. Most colonists had awful teeth, because they did not have toothbrushes and toothpaste. Thus, teeth needed to be pulled. Because there are no anesthetics, having your teeth pulled was a very painful process. The dentist would hold the patient down on a chair and yank the tooth out using a pair of everyday pliers. Once again, there were many quacks in this field that would pull good teeth from patients and sell them to people who wanted real-tooth dentures. Moreover, in 2009, archeological teams found human remains where someone, presumably a doctor, had drilled three holes into the skull. This may have been done to relieve the skull of pressure caused by a blow to the head. Archeologists believe that this could have been the first attempt at brain surgery and may have planted the seed for today’s brain surgery procedures (CBSnews. com, 11 Feb. 2009). Hermann Boerhaave’s theory of wellbeing was that a person has four humors: bile, phlegm, blood and urine. If these humors were imbalanced, a person would become ill. To make him or her feel better, you must balance the humors (Brinkley, 2004). According to Rorke, â€Å"one must sweeten acids, purify the stomach, and rid impurities by bleeding and purging† or by using leeches to increase blood production, to balance these again. Most doctors actually let patients bleed out, because their â€Å"humors† were not balanced, whereas midwives prescribed laxatives to remove bile. Furthermore, Boerhaave believed that a â€Å"fever was the body’s attempt to keep from dying,† even though we now know that it is actually the body’s response to killing whatever is making the body sick. Although this sounds absurd when considering our knowledge with today’s medicine, many doctors and midwives used this theory to aid the ill and actually succeeded in some cases. Hygiene was the one major contribution to nosocomial, or hospital obtained, infections. Because doctors in the colonial times did not know about bacteria, viruses, and contagious diseases, they did not clean the equipment or even their hands. Today, doctors and surgical staffs take extra care to clean everything. Surgeons take an average of five minutes to wash, scrub, and sanitize hands, whereas surgeons in colonial times took an average of zero seconds. Doctors would not even wash their hands when rotating between patients. As discussed in class, doctors would go from a person with a severe flu to a woman giving birth without washing their hands. This could not only sicken the woman, but also make the child ill. The death rate of women suffering from Puerperal fever was extremely high. This fever is caused by a bacterial infection from unsterile equipment and conditions during childbirth, and the woman’s body not being able to rid the toxins from childbirth fast enough. This could ultimately lead to death. One cannot stress the importance of hand washing and personal hygiene enough! Obviously, or at least it is obvious today, one must clean any equipment that touched a person, even if it’s just a stethoscope. Disease could spread from such an object to another person causing them to become ill as well. Scalpels, saws, drills, anything that goes into a person, must be sanitized. Today, hospitals heat the instruments so that almost all of the bacteria die, and then they soak them in an antibacterial solution to ensure there are no harmful things on them. Furthermore, some hospitals send the tools to be sanitized to a company that sanitizes them for the hospital. This cuts back on hours cleaning and provides security that the equipment is safe and clean, resulting in happy patients and staff. I believe today’s health care is mostly based around customer service. You want to make sure the patient is happy, healthy, and satisfied with your performance. The patient even has a choice to live or die by signing a DNR- do not resuscitate- form. In colonial America, however, the doctor really did not care if you enjoyed their service or not, they were trying to help you in the long run. Doctors also had more freedom to refuse treatment than they do today. In some ways I would like our health care to be like that of colonial America in regards to customer service, because there are so many people going to the emergency room who have a mild cold and hold up the patients who are in critical condition and really need to be seen as soon as possible. I am indifferent to DNR’s. I believe a person must be in critical condition, such as terminal cancer, to be eligible to sign this form. As previously mentioned, medicine has evolved tremendously between colonial America and now. It is still ever-changing, because we find a cure to diseases, such as Alzheimer’s. Doctors can achieve great things, but only with the help of education, experience, sterile tools, and personal hygiene. How to cite Medicine in Colonial America, Papers

Commercial and Corporation Law Administration Corporation

Question: Describe about the Commercial and Corporation Law for Administration Corporation. Answer: Generally it is seen, that function of the directors of a corporation is to administer the administration of the business for the benefit of the members of the corporation. Basically, they are the agents who are working for their shareholders. The authority to supervise the business is given to the directors by the companys constitution, articles or by-laws. Directors owe a number of duties and obligations. The duties may vary from different jurisdictions in which the parent company has its subsidiary, such as (Paolini, 2014): Obligation to behave in a truthful manner: The obligation to act truthfully means that the Board of Directors should make decisions for the fulfillment of the interest of the corporation and for a reason. Therefore they must: Not make wrongful use of their position and should not get personal benefits fulfilled Not use the information of the corporation for personal benefit or in a harmful manner Reveal all the conflicts of the Company and also should avoid them (Heller, 2014). The Corporations Act allows a companys constitution to include a provision to assist with subsidiary director duties(S 187). It states that the managers of a subsidiary corporation should act to serve best benefits to the corporation when: The organization of the company specifically makes a provision for the director to take action in the finest welfare of the Parent Corporation, Director behaves truthfully, etc. Obligation to apply ability and mind: It requires each director to take concern and be practical in performing their job. Directors must: Act diligently and with reasonable skill and care Perform their role to the best of their ability based on their Knowledge and experience Familiarize themselves with the company and its activities, and Monitor the companys financial and commercial Performance (Marshall and Ramsay, 2012). Directors are expected to perform their role with an amount of carefulness that a sensible individual in a similar place would Exercise in similar circumstances. This will depend on the Size and activities of the company. Directors must understand the company and its activities and actively monitor its performance (Heller, 2014). Obligation not to do trade when insolvent: The duty not to trade while insolvent is a specific Requirement which is usually classified as a subset of the responsibility to work out concern and skill, because it requires directors to turn their minds apply their skills to assessing the monetary place of the subsidiary. A corporation is considered bankrupt if it fails to pay its unpaid sum, when they fall unpaid. If a company becomes insolvent and Continues to trade, the directors can be held personally liable for debts incurred. To protect themselves, and meet their Obligations, directors should satisfy themselves at all times, when the business is capable to reimburse its sum unpaid as they fall due. This is usually straightforward for holding companies that do not trade, but for trading companies it requires diligent monitoring (Heller, 2014). In Australia, directors are obligatory to make a statement that the business is solvent at least once each year. Directors should not make a solvency declaration until they have made proper inquiries and satisfied themselves that the company is indeed solvent. The company must keep sufficient monetary account to record it correctly, clarify connections and performance. The Director may be in breach of his duties if he fails to take all the important steps for the fulfillment. In the case of (In Liq) v McGee (1993) 11 ACSR 260 per Anderson J (at 289) it has been upheld that there are some situations where a manager is in the place of certain authority and control. The power includes the simple revelation of any clash among the attention and responsibility which refrain from appointment. This is inadequate to convince a managers responsibility. The manager may also be under a constructive obligation to take steps to defend the corporations concern such as by using such authority and pressure as he had to stop the deal from going away. Payment of Dividends rests within the sound prudence and company opinion of the Board. Shareholders of the corporation have no right to dividends even if sufficient finances are available within the company (Elliott, 2016). There are some responsibilities of the directors regarding the payment of dividends. They have the authority to state that dividends are special to the board and must be exercised by the Board as intact. A statement of dividend basically requires the board to take on a declaration authorizing the expense of dividend. Once the dividends have been declared in a lawful manner to its members then, the board may not cancel it or hold back the allocation of the said dividend without the consent of each such shareholder. In order to determine the entitlement of shareholders to receive the payment of dividends, the board of directors may fix a date of record. In doing so, the board announces that the payment of dividends will be made on the date specified for payment to all the shareholders who are listed on the corporations books. The shareholders of the corporation may be listed in the books as owners as of the close of business on the date of record. If the board fails to mention specifically the date of record then the code fixes the date of such determination (Heller, 2014). Dividends must be approved by the companys directors, who are responsible for ensuring that the company is able to pay the dividend. Before approving a dividend, directors should review the companys balance sheet and cash flows and satisfy themselves that (Keay, 2007). The corporations assets have increased its liabilities Just and sensible expense of dividends The sum of the dividend would not significantly intolerant for the ability of the corporation to pay off its creditors (Government Institute of Australia, 2014). As per the case of Sumiseki Materials Co Ltd v Wambo Coal Pty Ltd [2014] NSWSCA 326 it was held that it is the rights of the shareholders to be given set and obligatory dividends from the earnings of the corporation in situations where the companys constitution has been amended to account for such. This is different from the traditional approach where a shareholders expectation of receiving a dividend is limited by the will of the board of directors (HopgoodGanim, 2014). The payment of dividends is an issue of major concern to the directors. The manner in which the accounting standards are currently developing means that it is possible for the company to have a reported profit which is low but still have significant available cash from which the dividends can be paid. This can lead to a significant intensity of reported income, even though the worth of the intangible asset and hence the superseding market value of the corporation has both improved. Under these situations, the current dividend rules mean that a company can only make a distribution to shareholders by seeking court approval for a return of capital (Odorisio, Davies and Clements, 2015). Shareholders of the company are entitled to some rights under the Act. As per Section 232 of the Act it has been clearly stated that, Minority shareholders are provided with some supplementary privileges and remedies because of their apparent exposure. (Tomasic, Bottomley, and McQueen,2002). The additional rights which are being given to the members of the company include the rights to ratify a breach done by the Directors of the company (Janssen, 2016). Ratification has the effect of excusing a breach done by the companys officer but it considers the concern of the creditors of the company (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2013). There are a number of remedies which are given to the members of the company under the Corporations Act (Hannigan, 2012). Remedies include: Oppression Remedy: Section 232 of the Act states that this remedy is designed to give the minority shareholders with a remedy which is enforceable against the corporation for the conduct that may have been prejudicial to the interest of the minority shareholders (Boyle, 2002). There are certain situations which gives rise to the oppressive conduct (Brockett, 2012). The situations include: Honest prevailing conditions of the case; Accusation of injustice due to Substantial behavior; Behavior of the members of the corporation; Force of the suspected work on the interest of minority shareholders (Victorian Law Reform Commission, 2016). In the similar case of Foss v Harbottle, it was held that there was misappropriation of assets of the business therefore the directors have to compensate. Section 233 describes the types of remedies which are available to the litigants and are extensive such as: Injunction; The statutory injunction, s 1324 a restriction is one of the temporary remedy required by ASIC or an artificial member if a business action breach the law. Conduct that can trigger this is: Any breach of the Corporations Act Aiding and abetting the infringement Suggesting another to disregard Involved in a contravention or Conspiring with others in a contravention. Winding up Order; Winding up the company, s Court can order winding up by many ways. For example: The corporation has resolved by resolution to wind up. The business does not begin trade within one year of its registration. Managers should not act in the wellbeing of the members as whole. The dealings of the corporation have been conducted oppressively, through an act or omission. The company is insolvent and it is in the interests of the public, members or creditors that it should be wound up. Modification of companys constitution and injunctions. In the case of Cumberland Holdings Ltd v Washington H Soul Pattinson Co Ltd (1977) 13 ALR 561 it was held that: to wind up a flourishing and wealthy corporation which is correctly managed must need a strong case to be made against it by the party to the suit. Statutory Derivative Action (S. 236): Majority of the members of the corporations initiatives for the changes of the government to the Act. Under it, reply to the apparent lacunas of the pre-existing remedies wherein the corporation was not willing or was not capable to Act. It provides the members of the corporation with an action against the corporation whereby the actions are brought in the name of the company. Therefore, the action of the derivatives has proven to be a booming initiative in both state and courts (Bottomley, 2016). In addition members of the corporation have some personal rights that they can practice against the corporation. The right to be paid dividends Dividends are payments potentially made out of company profit to the shareholders according to the number of shares held. The assets test to pay profits, S254TA Company must not pay a dividend unless: (a) The companys assets exceed its liabilities immediately before the dividend is declared and the excess is sufficient for the payment of the dividend; and (b) The payment of the dividend is fair and reasonable to the companys shareholders as a whole; and (c) The payment of the dividend does not materially prejudice the companys ability to pay its creditors. Members statutory remedies Section 232 and 233 allows the members of the company to apply to the court for giving an order under the act if the affairs of the company are being conducted against the benefit of the members of the company. Also includes the acts which are oppressive and unfair against the members of the corporation in the same ability or other ability (Victortse Associates, 2016). The statutory framework for oppressive conduct In Australia, the applicable governmental guards are mentioned in Part 2F.1 of the Act which gives the court authority to help the investor if it thinks that: a) The behavior of the corporations relationships; b) A real or anticipated do something or error by or on behalf of a corporation; or c) A declaration, or planned declaration, of members or a class of members of a company, is either: Opposing the wellbeing of the members as whole; or Unfair to, unfairly harmful to, or biased beside, a member whether in that ability or in any other ability (Latimer, 2012). It is advised to Mr. Walter that as the directors have refused to meet the members, therefore it is clearly the breach of Duty of the director. In the case of Daniels v Anderson (1995) 37 NSWLR 438 it was upheld that under the corporations Act 2001, the Directors are subject to a number of responsibilities which they should perform. The responsibilities include the duty of the common law to behave with due care, skill and diligence. Therefore, it is clearly that violation of responsibility, which was done on part of the managers of the corporation. Section 180 of the Act also describe that there are statutory duties of the Directors to do something truthfully which helps to serve in the best concern of the corporation for a reason. The behavior will have the directors to avoid any conflict of interest and any abuse of position in order to obtain any personal advantage (CCH Australia Limited, 2011). Therefore, it can be said that although the interest of the creditors must be considered as the corporation is the property of the shareholders. But there is no rule that in such cases of solvency or other matters the interest of the creditors is paramount. They may be paramount in some situations but there is no rule that requires this conclusion. So till the time the director is fulfilling the duties which are defined above in the favor of the corporation and not for personal benefit. The director can do such acts and perform for the company. It is ultimately the court which decides as to the remedies which can be applicable or not. Under section 232 and 233 the court consider different situations under which it thinks that it is in the position to find out the situation under which company get claim to the court (French and Stewart, 2016). Although it is clearly written in the situation that the director refused the members for help so it has violated its duty. Therefore, Mr. Walter and his friends are entitling to compensation for the same as Directors have failed in fulfilling their duty. References: Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2013).Enhancing the rights of shareholders. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.companydirectors.com.au/Director-Resource-Centre/Publications/Company-Director-magazine/2013-back-editions/May/Directors-Counsel-Enhancing-the-rights-of-shareholders. Bottomley, S. (2016). The Constitutional Corporation: Rethinking Corporate Governance. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FvLOCwAAQBAJdq=remedies+of+shareholders+under+corporation+act+2001source=gbs_navlinks_s. Boyle, A.J. (2002). Minority Shareholders' Remedies.2. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=E081u9IcarQCdq=cases+related+to+shareholders+remedies++in+australiasource=gbs_navlinks_s. Brockett, R. (2012). The Valuation of Minority Shareholdings in an Oppression Context A Contemporary Review. Bond Law Review. 24.2. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/BondLawRw/2012/10.pdf. CCH Australia Limited. (2011). 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(2014).Guidelines for Directors of wholly-owned subsidiary companies. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.governanceinstitute.com.au/media/656514/govinst_guidelines_whollyownedsubsidiary_2014.pdf. Hannigan, B. (2012). Company Law. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vsIyc8PSG-UCdq=remedies+of+shareholders+under+corporation+act+2001source=gbs_navlinks_s. Heller, R.M. (2014). Have Directors Improperly Refused to Declare a Dividend. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.hellerlaw.com/Directors_Improperly_Refused_to_Declare_a_Dividend.html. HopgoodGanim. (2014). HG Corporate Advisory Governance Alert: Dividend payments not just at the directors discretion. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.hopgoodganim.com.au/page/Publications/HG_Corporate_Advisory_Governance_Alert_Dividend_payments_%25E2%2580%2593_not_just_at_the_director%25E2%2580%2599s_discretion_-_19_February_2015/?utm_source=Mondaqutm_medium=syndicationutm_campaign=LinkedIn-integratio. Janssen, P. (2016). Minority Shareholders have the right not to be oppressed. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://corporatefirst.com.au/minority-shareholders-have-the-right-not-to-be-oppressed/. Keay, A. (2007). Company Directors' Responsibilities to Creditors. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zfuNAgAAQBAJdq=remedies+of+shareholders+under+corporation+act+2001source=gbs_navlinks_s. Latimer, P. (2012). Australian Business Law. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qOLW-XTET0MCdq=remedies+of+shareholders+under+corporation+act+2001source=gbs_navlinks_s. Marshall, S. and Ramsay, I. (2012). Stakeholders and Directors Duties: Law, Theory and Evidence. UNSW Law Journal. 35(1). Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.unswlawjournal.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/12_marshall_2012.pdf. Odorisio, N., Davies, A., and Clements, A. (2015). Dividend payments not just at the discretion of the board of directors. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/376496/Shareholders/Dividend+payments+not+just+at+the+discretion+of+the+board+of+directors. Paolini, A. (2014). Research Handbook on Directors Duties. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=RsQwBQAAQBAJdq=duties+of+directors+under+corporation+act+2001source=gbs_navlinks_s. Tomasic, R., Bottomley, S., and McQueen, R. (2002). Corporations Law in Australia. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://books.google.co.in/books?id=zFSgs52KSmoCdq=duties+of+directors+under+corporation+act+2001source=gbs_navlinks_s. Victorian Law Reform Commission. (2016).The oppression remedy in the Corporations Act. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.lawreform.vic.gov.au/content/3-oppression-remedy-corporations-act-0. Victortse Associates. (2016). Common remedies for parties to corporate disputes. Retrieved on 6th September, 2016 from: https://www.vtselaw.com.au/content/common-remedies-parties-corporate-disputes.