the vikings Essay -- essays research papers

Viking age has long been associated with uncontrolled piracy, when bandits swarmed out of the northlands in their ships to beam and pillage their way across civilized Europe. During this period much(prenominal) progress was achieved in terms of Scandinavian art and craftsmanship, marine technology, exploration, and the development of commerce. It seems the Vikings did as much trading as they did raiding.The title "Viking" includes a wide description of Nordic people Danes, Swedes, and Norwegians, who lived during a period of brisk Scandinavian expansion in the eye ages, from approximately 800 to 1100 AD. This name may be derived from the old Norse vik(bay or creek). These people came from what is now Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and had a self-sustaining, agricultural society, where farming and cattle breeding were supplemented by hunting, fishing, the extraction of iron and the quarrying of rock to make whetstones and cooking utensils some goods, however, had to be trade d salt, forinstance, which is a necessity for man and cattle alike, is an everyday item and thus would not have been imported from a greater distance than necessary, while luxury items could be brought in from farther south in Europe. Their chief exporting products were, iron, whetstones, and soapstone cooking pots, these were an essential contribution to a trade growth in the Viking age.The contemporary references we have about the Vikings stem mainly from sources in Hesperian Europe who had bitter experiences with the invaders, so were most likely presented with the worst side of the Vikings. Archaeological excavations have shown evidence of homesteads, farms, and tradeplaces, where discarded or lost articles tell of a common everyday life. As the Viking period progressed, society changed leading Chieftain families accumulated sufficient land and power to form the basis for kingdoms, and the first towns were founded.These market places and towns were based on craftsmanship and trade. Even though the town dwelling Vikings kept cattle, farmed, and fished to meet their household needs, the towns probably depended on agricultural supplies from outlying areas. They withal unfortunately did not pay as much attention to renovation and waste disposal as they did to town planning, as evidenced by the two-ply layers of waste around settlements. In contemporary time... ...ted to keel and stem and these were bolted to each other with iron rivets. This shell provided strength and flexibility, then, ribs were made from naturally curved trees were fitted and these provided excess strength. To increase flexibility, strafes and ribs were boundtogether. Lateral support came from cross supports at the waterline, and solid logs braced the mast.Our main knowledge of Viking art comes from metal jewelry, the format of which is modest. The choice of theme is the same as with woodcarving. The artists were preoccupied with imaginary animals which were ornamentally carved, twi sted and braided together in a tight asymmetric arabesque, their quality of work was superb. The Viking raids tapered dark around the year 1000. By this time the Vikings had become Christian, which had a restrictive effect on their urge to pl at a lower place. Denmark, Sweden, and Norway had become separate kingdoms generally united under single monarchs. Wars wer now steered by the shifting alliances of the kings. The age of private battles was gone. Trade relations that were established in the Viking period continued, and the Nordic countries emerged as part of a Christian Europe.

Life Saver :: Interview Essays

Life Saver The phone starts ringing as shortly as Rita Murray enters the office of the patrimony House in Richmond, Indiana. A teenage girl asks for information about a free pregnancy test. While Rita is scheduling an appointment for the girl, a new mother comes in needing diapers and formula for her baby. Rita starts for the diapers, but another mother walks in the door bringing a bag complete of baby clothes and a handmade quilt to donate. Just as the office begins to settle, two girls, Christy and Heather, walk in without an appointment wanting pregnancy tests. afterwards the tests are given, the girls wait for the results and watch a video of fetal development. Rita returns with the results and several pamphlets about teenage pregnancy, dating, abstinence, and the effects of abortion. Christys test is positive and Heathers is negative. Christy starts to cry, I cant have a baby, Im too young. She asks Rita, How can I tell my boyfriend . . . my parents? What do I do n ow? She has many questions about the medical aspects of her pregnancy, and is unsure about what depart happen now to her and to her baby. Rita asks her about her family and sex life, goes over the various pamphlets with her, and talks about decisions she will now have to make. She sits quietly with Christy and talks about the decisions that moldiness be made. Christy walked into Birthright a teenage girl with few worries, but as she leaves, she seems much more burdened with the many choices she now has to make. Birthright is a Pro-Life international movement with offices throughout North America and Africa. In 1968, Louise Summerhill, a homemaker and a mother of seven, founded Birthright in Toronto, Canada, starting the assist with $300 and promises of help from 60 women, 20 doctors, and other professionals. Richmonds Birthright branch consists of 30 volunteers, like Rita, with assistance from six local doctors. If further assistance is needed, Birthright may refer a k nob to additional community services, including affordable medical services, legal services, housing, maternity homes for unwed mothers, adoption information, educational guidance, and employment assistance. If the client is in serious financial need, Birthright will offer its assistance.

The Aesthetics of Pop Music Essay -- Popular Music

It All Sounds The Same These DaysIn just ab protrude every home in America at just about any given time the words It all sounds the same these days is uttered to a teenage child, magic spell the mother is screaming Turn it down in the background. The teenager storms to his bedroom and turns the radio up to full volume and thinks, They just dont fascinate it Then proceeds to dance around the room singing into the hairbrush. This is the pleasure principal of pop music. Whether accredited to innocence or ignorance, a unreconciled naivete has survived this culture since its inception. Theyre everywhere. We cannot escape the wrath of teen pop bands, you can love em or hate em, but they are a authority of an ever changing culture.What is the pop music phenomenon? Most pop music uses a commercial approach to songwriting which limits the use of complicated musical devices, this is said to be what makes pop music. Popular music is popular because the composition hears for the listener and is pre-digested.(Adorno, Theodore, On Popular Music 1941) Pop music contains simple, chord driven, repetitious, square phrased (4 bar) melodies that are dodgy and easily singable. The phrases in these sections are generally 4, 8, 12, or 16 measures long. Most pop songs have a catchy 8 measure phrase that is reiterate 6-8 times throughout the song. This attributes to the ever so frequently heard It was on the radio this morning and I just cant get it out of my head phenomeno...

Franklin :: Essays Papers

FranklinThe life that Franklin depicts is more than a success story. It is a story of nothing entirely success. What makes Franklins success great is that he does nothing compulsively, irrationally, or out of weakness, but appears to be governed by rea discussion, moderation, and virtue. With his strong sense of identity he seems singularly immune to the workings of the conflict-torn inner self that Yeats called the Foul rag-and-bone shop of the heart, his existence untroubled by stretches of ennui and waste. The absence of a sense of the harshness and inexplicability of life, in concert with his emphasis on material success is what seemed to allow Franklin to succeed. (These quotes were taken out of the introduction to Franklins archives).With all this in mind, I chose to read The Autobiography and different Writings of benzoin Franklin. This book as you could tell was written by Benjamin Franklin and its publisher is Penguin Classics. The main topic of this biography was the li fe of Benjamin Franklin and about all of his accomplishments and the hardships that he faced growing up. This autobiography was written in the first person point of view, as a letter that Franklin wrote to his son William. Because of the fact that this book was written by Benjamin Franklin and about Benjamin Franklin, I believed everything that was said but what I disliked was how Franklin wasnt able to neck this book and how he didnt spend more time on discussing his major philosophies. The main thesis of this book was the hardship that Franklin was faced with and how he grew up to become the man that he did. I believe that the one sentence that deals with the theme of this autobiography is a quote which Franklin once said I cannot fuck up of much Success in acquiring the Reality of this Virtue but I had a good deal with regard to the Appearance of it. So with the teaching that working hard will help achieve goals, Franklin also states, If you work hard you will lead a fulfill ing life. A third quote from Franklins autobiography that states the importance he placed on hard work to achieve success is Industry, Lose no time.-Be always employd in something useful.-Cut off all unneeded Actions. This shows about how Franklin wasnt the type of person who waits for something to happened but works hard to achieve his goals.

The String Around My Finger :: Essays Papers

The String Around My FingerI work in a restaurant as a waitress and several days ago a co-worker of mine had to leave work. His ex-wife had called to tell him that their daughter had been rushed to the hospital because of a pedal accident. He wasnt sure quite what to do. Hed talked to me before he asked the manager for permission to leave. He doubted that it was serious enough to remove permission and asked whether or not I thought he should try. I told him that he had to go, and that I thought it was very important that he and his ex-wife be by her side especially considering their recent divorce. From my throw experience, I knew that simply having both of my parents come to my aide reinforced the idea that my parents were the ones that got break up and that, even if they werent living together, they both would constantly be there for me.My parents got divorced when I was two and my younger sister just six months. My sister and I lived with our mother would visit our father two weekends a month and oer summer vacation the situation was reversed. As we grew older, our enthusiasm towards those visits with our father waned because, after all, all of our friends were in our neighborhood. We frequently missed friends birthday parties to visit him. Inevitably however, we always had a great time and were sad when our visits were over and yet happy to come home.Id be lying if I said that I never wished that they would get back together and that there were never any times I couldnt wait to show my father what Id done in art class or a great math test I was particularly proud of. Maybe it was for that reason that as a child I couldnt help sensation slightly abandoned even though he never missed a visit. I thought Id outgrown that feeling when I was seven and a better-looking first grader. It wasnt until that feeling had vanished that I realized Id still felt that way. I was in the fourth grade when that happened.My mother picked us up from our fathers on sunshine evenings. On the ride home she told me she had a surprise for me. I knew that shed rearranged our rooms (she did that all the time she used to want to be an interior decorator), so I couldnt imagine what my surprise could be.

The String Around My Finger :: Essays Papers

The String Around My FingerI work in a restaurant as a waitress and several days ago a co-worker of mine had to leave work. His ex-wife had called to tell him that their daughter had been rushed to the hospital because of a bicycling accident. He wasnt sure quite what to do. Hed talked to me before he asked the manager for permission to leave. He doubted that it was serious enough to get permission and asked whether or not I thought he should try. I told him that he had to go, and that I thought it was very important that he and his ex-wife be by her side especially considering their fresh divorce. From my own experience, I knew that simply having both of my parents come to my aide reinforced the idea that my parents were the ones that got divorced and that, even if they werent living together, they both would always be at that place for me.My parents got divorced when I was two and my younger sister just six calendar months. My sister and I lived with our mother would visit our f ather two weekends a month and over summer vacation the situation was reversed. As we grew older, our enthusiasm towards those visits with our father waned because, after all, all of our friends were in our neighborhood. We frequently missed friends birthday parties to visit him. ineluctably however, we always had a great time and were sad when our visits were over and yet happy to come home.Id be lying if I said that I neer wished that they would get back together and that there were never any times I couldnt wait to show my father what Id done in art consort or a great math test I was particularly proud of. Maybe it was for that reason that as a child I couldnt serving feeling slightly abandoned even though he never missed a visit. I thought Id outgrown that feeling when I was seven and a big first grader. It wasnt until that feeling had vanished that I realized Id still felt that way. I was in the fourth grade when that happened.My mother picked us up from our fathers on Sund ay evenings. On the ride home she told me she had a surprise for me. I knew that shed rearranged our rooms (she did that all the time she used to want to be an interior decorator), so I couldnt imagine what my surprise could be.

Being A Wise Consumer

Research cut throughs provide additional insights to an already established knowledge. However, it is much grievous to critically analyze the components of the report in order to identify the degree of its credibility. The story in reference is Newsweeks report titled The Price of put out. Basically, the report provides an understanding of how back suffering treatments are perceived today as to whether these procedures are actually effective.The increase of medical technology apparently has non alleviated the pains suffered by the patients both physically and financially (Springen, 2008).In terms of theoretical underpinnings, the report provided an elusive understanding that non all medical advancements are beneficial. Seemingly, the interviewed individuals in the article affirm that less complicated treatments are ideal for todays younger generation of back pain sufferers. It is also a good notion to analyze the technical aspects of the articles research procedures to critic ally understand the report. In the aspect of research design, the study proponent conducted an versed survey among health and insurance institutions which provided the year to date reports of back pain treatment cases.These reports also provided gross amounts of equivalent thousand dollars worth of back pain treatments. The main methodology of the article report was to integrate available publications such as those coming from Journal of the American Medical Association. This procedure also enabled the Newsweek report to do data collection procedures by retrieving numerical figures of medical service inflations and the percentage of adults which had back problems from 1997 to 2005. In any case, this type of data gathering is more ideal since it took the publication less time and effort to present credible results.In terms of analysis and the reporting of findings, the article didnt actually provided additional insights apart(predicate) from the delegated info retrieved from the th ird party agencies. Although the complete presentation of data related to the concern was provided, the report lacks the essence of inputting at least an unbiased opinion or secondary analysis method. As a way to improve the report, it is suggested that the article incorporates a structured analysis of the problem instead of just giving examples.Of course, it should not be too technical in presenting more logical reasoning since this type of media publication do not actually follow scholarly research. plainly adding some more factors to induce decisions for the readers would have been more appropriate. Apparently, the most evident errors the article committed are its redundant use of examples from outside resources, becoming inwrought of what is expensive and what is not and the lack of segmented citations which made the article hover randomly from book authors to government institutions to school researches.Being able to critically analyze a public report can provide greater pers onal ability of decision making. This empowers the readers to take advantage of the available data which can be rattling useful for personalized decision making tasks. References Springen, K. 2008. The Price of Pain. Newsweek-Health. Retrieved February 13, 2008 from http//www. newsweek. com/id/110767/page/1.

Southern Gothic Fiction

Sean Tinsley Eng 151C-33 3/08/2013 Southern Gothic Fiction is a genre of writings unique to the American sulfur. Major influences of the genre itself were the finale, religion, and economic standing of the south at the beginning of the 20th century. Many who read Confederate gothic ar transported into a grotesque fantasy world where ideas of death, good versus bad, and god are all prevalent. Many American authors were greatly influenced by the ideas of southern gothic literature such as Harper Lee, Flannery OConnorWilliam Faulkner, Truman Capote, and to a less(prenominal)er extent, Eudora Welty. (jenksps. org) The culture of the south is riddled with strong beliefs in different sects of Christianity mainly Presbyterians and Baptists with a passionate group of Evangelicals as well. Because God plays a large role in most southern gothic literature, the idea of morality is also of huge importance. Many protagonists will be juxtaposed by a moral less antagonist usually the epitome o f venomous. Along with that comes the idea of a crumbling landscape desolate almost. I believe this represents how the south was struggling economically at the era due to the crumbling of the antebellum era. jenksps. org) For this essay, I chose to analyze This Is the solely Time Ill Tell It by Doris Betts. This account statement hits all the main topics of southern gothic literature the idea of death or the grotesque, the concept of good versus bad, and God as well. The concept of good versus evil drives the overall moral of the short story This Is the solitary(prenominal) Time Ill Tell It. In fact, this theme provides the first instance of conflict. The narrator, a man by the last name of Coney, describes to the reader a woman, Zelene, who observe a disturbance at the Jamison household.Upon further investigation she noticed Tom Jamison trying to drown his nine month old small fry girl. Fortunately, she saved the baby and when she had brought back breath and screams, Zelene o pened her clothes and fixed that naked baby flat tire against her naked breasts andran yelling into my store. (Christ Haunted Landscape, 232) Shortly thereafter, Zelene grabs one of Mr. Coleys axes of his ledge and simply states, Im going back and kill himTom Jamison. (Christ Haunted Landscape, 233) Mr.Coley made no objection to her claim, and when she didnt find him, he noted the another(prenominal) 20 townspeople who had been heard to declare it was a shame Zelene had not drove home her ax. (Christ Haunted Landscape, 233) The interesting take on good versus evil shows itself in the characters response to unspeakable crime. All the townspeople were upset Tom Jamison hadnt been brutally murdered. The attitude of the characters towards him, including Mr. Coley, fester inside them throughout the remainder of the story ultimately culminating in Mr.Coley killing Tom Jamison with an ax upon his return to the store the irony being that it was inside the store when Zelene first said she would kill him. Because the referee for the unspeakable crime of attempted murder on a baby was carried out by a normal citizen, this speaks highly for the overall theme. Although other elements of southern gothic fiction are prevalent in This Is the Only Time Ill Tell It, good versus evil, and, more importantly, how evil should be treated, is the engine that drives this story. God, the trades union or divisive factor in the south, also plays a huge role in the story.More importantly, the difference between what is deemed moral in Gods eyes, and what the characters perceive as justifiable sin. Mr. Coley mentions the towns resistance to telling the truth about the next of kin. But we had 37 lifetime Presbyterian mouths gone flat against their teeth until judgment day(Christ Haunted Landscape, 233). The bureau a person believes in God is also important in this short story. For Mr. Coley, Baptists are a bit weaker than his people, Presbyterians. My wifes people, Baptists, are a lot more soft-headed one of them would have read his Commandments wrong and weakened someday. (Christ Haunted Landscape, 233). There were many an(prenominal) grotesque and macabre aspects of this short story as well. For example, the first point of conflict deals with the attempted murder of a nine month old baby. Secondly, the way Tom Jamison was murdered, brutally by ax, would churn most peoples stomachs. Also, a valid point could be made that Zelene is grotesque. She is described as hapless herself. She was 38, and built like a salt block. (The Christ Haunted Landscape, 233). She was not entirely attractive, by any means, and she lived in relative squalor compared to the rest of the townspeople. This is The Only Time Ill Tell It is a perfect example of southern gothic literature. First of all, the overall theme of the story was good versus evil, and what should be through with(p) about it. Secondly, the aspect of what should be done with evil is related directly to the characters views on God, and the morals theyve received from Him. Last but not least, it was overall creepy. To work out a man trying to kill his nine month baby is enough to put fear into anyones heart. Although there are frightening move to it, the story does a good job of making the reader ask themselves what they would do in Mr.Coleys position. The answer to that problem also relates directly to the auditory modalitys religious views. Whatever God they may believe in, good versus evil is always prevalent, and that is why this story connects with many people. So, what would you do? Would you strike a man down for a crime that happened over 16 years earlier? Could you? These questions create intrigue in the reader, which is why this short story is so popular today. http//www. jenksps. org/pages/uploaded_files/CAMPsouthern%20gothic%20elements. pdf The Christ Haunted Landscape

Healthcare System in Cuba

8)Sources 16 )HISTORY Modern western medicine has been practiced in Cuba by form every(prenominal)y traineddoctorssince at least the beginning of the 19th century and the first surgical clinic was established in 1823. Cuba has had many world contrastingiate doctors, includingCarlos Finlay, whose mosquito-based theory ofyellow fevertransmission was given its final proof chthonic the direction ofWalter Reed,James Carroll, andAristides Agramonte. During the period of U. S presence (18981902) yellow fever was essentially eliminated due to the efforts ofClara Maassand surgeon Jesse W. Lazear.In 1976, Cubas wellness care program was enshrined in Article 50 of the revisedCuban constitutionwhich pronounces Everyone has the right to health protection and care. The state guarantees this right by providing free medical and hospital care by means of the installations of the rural medical service network, polyclinics, hospitals, preventative and specialized treatment centers by providing f ree dental care by promoting the health publicity campaigns, health education, regular medical examinations, general vaccinations and other measures to prevent the outbreak of disease.All the population cooperates in these activities and plans through the social and mass organizations. Cubas doctor to patient ratio grew signifi advisetly in the latter half of the 20th century, from 9. 2 doctors per 10,000 inhabitants in 1958, to 58. 2 per 10,000 in 1999. In the 1960s the government example a program of al most(prenominal) universalvaccinations. This helped eradicate many contagious diseases includingpolioandrubella, though virtually diseases change magnitude during the period of economic hardship of the 1990s, such astuberculosis,hepatitisandchicken pox.Other campaigns included a program to reduce the infant mortality rate in 1970 enjoin at maternal and prenatal care. 1. POST-SOVIET UNION The loss of Soviet subsidies brought famine to Cuba in the early 1990s. In 2007, Cuba anno unced that it has undertaken computerizing and creating national networks in Blood Banks, Nephrology and medical examination Images. Cuba is the second domain in the world with such a product, only preceded by France.Cuba is preparing a Computerized health Register, Hospital Management System, Primary health Care, faculty member Affairs, Medical Genetic Projects, Neurosciences, and Educational Software. The aim is to maintain quality health service free for the Cuban people, increase exchange among experts and boost look for-development projects. An grave connective in wiring process is to guarantee access to Cubas Data Transmission Network and Health Website (INFOMED) to all units and workers of the national health ystem. 2)PRESENT WHOhealth statistics for Cuba SourceWHO country page on Cuba Life apprehension at birth m/f 76. 0/80. ( social classs) Healthy spiritedness expectancy at birth m/f 67. 1/69. 5 ( classs) Child mortality m/f 8/7 (per 1000) Adult mortalit y m/f 131/85 (per 1000) nub health expenditure per capita $251 Total health expenditure as% of GDP 7. 3 Rank Countries Statistic Date of surveyed Information 125 167 HIV/AIDS bad prevalence rate 0. 10% 2003 est. 162 175 Fertility rate 1. 66 (children/woman) 2006. 153 224 Birth rate 11. 9 (births/1,000 population) 2006 est. 168 226 Infant mortality rate 6. 04 (deaths/1,000 cash in ones chips births) 2006. 129 224 decease rate 6. 33 (deaths/1,000 population) 2005. 37 225 Life expectancy at birth 77. 23 (years) 2006. est 17 99 Suicide rate 18. 3 per 100,000 people per year 1996. 3)COMPARISON OF PRE- AND POST-REVOLUTIONARY INDICES Cuba Public health 1950-2005 Years 1. HEALTH INDICATORS AND ISSUES Cuba began a food rationing program in 1962 to guarantee all citizens a low-priced ring of basic foods.As of 2007, the government was spending about $1 billion annually to subsidise the food ration. The ration would cost about $50 at an sightly grocery store in the Uni ted States, but the Cuban citizen pays only $1. 20 for it. The ration includes rice, legumes, potatoes, bread, eggs, and a small amount of meat. It provides about 30 to 70 percent of the 3,300 ki topical anestheticories that the average Cuban consumes daily. The people obtain the rest of their food from government stores (Tiendas), free market stores and cooperatives, barter, their own gardens, and the black market. gibe to the Pan the Statesn Health Organization, daily caloric intake per person in various places in 2003 were as follows (unit is kilocalories) Cuba, 3,286 America, 3,205 Latin America and the Caribbean, 2,875 Latin Caribbean countries, 2,593 United States, 3,754. The table on a lower floor shows the sexual relation seriousness of communicable diseases, non-communicable diseases (e. g. , heart disease and cancer) and injuries, in various parts of the world. Data is from the World Health Organisation and is for year 2004. Distribution of years of life lost by cause (%) Place Communicable Non-communicable Injuries Cuba 9 75 16 World 51 34 14 High income countries 8 77 15 United States 9 73 18 Low income countries 68 21 10 Source World Health Organisation. World Health Statistics 2009, send back 2, Cause-specific mortality and morbidity. Like the rest of theCuban economy, numerous reports kick in shown that Cuban medical care has long suffered from severe material shortages caused by theUS embargo. The ending of Soviet subsidies in the early 1990s has also affected it. Whilepreventive medical care,diagnostic testsandmedicationfor hospitalized patients are free, some aspects of healthcare are remunerative for by the patient.Items which are paid by patients who can afford it are drugs prescribed on anoutpatientbasis, hearing,dental, andorthopedicprocesses,wheelchairsandcrutches. When a patient can obtain these items at state stores, prices tend to be low as these items are subsidized by the state. For patients on a low-income, these ite ms are free of charge. 2. cozy HEALTH According to theUNAIDSreport of 2003 there were an estimated 3,300 Cubans living withHIV/AIDS(approx 0. 05% of the population). In the mid-1980s, when little was known about the virus, Cuba compulsorily tested thousands of its citizens forHIV. Those who tested confirmative were taken toLos Cocos and were not allowed to leave. The policy drew criticism from the United Nationsand was discontinued in the 1990s. Since 1996 Cuba began the production of genericanti-retroviraldrugs reducing the costs to well below that of developing countries. This has been made possible through the substantial government subsidies to treatment. In 2003 Cuba had the lowest HIV prevalence in the Americas and one of the lowest in the world. TheUNAIDS inform that HIV infection rates for Cuba were 0. 1%, and for other countries in the Caribbean between 1 4%. Education in Cuba concerning issues of HIV infection and AIDS is implemented by theCuban National Center for Se x Education. According toAvert, an internationalAIDScharity, Cubas epidemic remains by far the smallest in the Caribbean. They institute however that new HIV infections are on the rise, and Cubas preventive measures appear not to be keeping pace with conditions that favour the spread of HIV, including railroad siding income inequalities and a growing sex industry. At the same time, Cubas prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme remains highly effective. All pregnant women are tested for HIV, and those testing positive receive antiretroviral drugs. In recent years because of the rise inprostitutiondue totourism,STDs boast increased. 3. 3 EMBARGODuring the 90s the ongoingUnited States embargo against Cubacaused problems due to restrictions on the export of medicines from the US to Cuba. In 1992 the US embargo was made more stringent with the passage of theCuban Democracy Actresulting in all U. S. subsidiary trade, including trade in food and medicines, being prohibited . The legislation did not state that Cuba cannot purchase medicines from U. S. companies or their foreign subsidiaries however, such license requests have been routinely denied. In 1995 theInter-American Commission on Human Rightsof the Organization of American States informed the U. S. Government that such activities violate international law and has requested that the U. S. ake speedy steps to exempt medicine from the embargo. The Lancetand theBritish Medical Journalalso condemned the embargo in the 90s. A 1997 report prepared byOxfamAmerica and theWashington Office on Latin America,Myths And Facts About The U. S. Embargo On Medicine And Medical Supplies, concluded that the embargo forced Cuba to use more of its restrict resources on medical imports, both because equipment and drugs from foreign subsidiaries of U. S. firms or from non-U. S. sources tend to be higher priced and because shipping costs are greater. The Democracy Act of 1992 further exacerbated the problems in Cubas medical system. It prohibited foreign subsidiaries of U. S. orporations from selling to Cuba, thus further limiting Cubas access to medicine and equipment, and raising prices. In addition, the act forbids ships that dock in Cuban ports from docking in U. S. ports for six months. This drastically restricts shipping, and increases shipping cost some 30%. 3. 4 MEDICAL STAFF IN CUBA According to the World Health Organization, Cuba provides a doctor for every 170 residents, and has the second highest doctor to patient ratio in the world after Italy. Medical professionals are not paid high salaries by international standards. In 2002 the mean monthly salary was 261 pesos, 1. 5 times the national mean. A doctors salary in the late 1990s was equivalent to about US$1520 per month in purchasing power.Therefore, some prefer to work in different occupations, for example in the lucrative tourist industry where earnings can be much higher. TheSan Francisco Chronicle, theWashington Post, andNatio nal Public Radiohave all reported on Cuban doctors defecting to other countries. 3. 5BLACK MARKET HEALTHCARE The difficulty in gaining access to certain medicines and treatments has led to healthcare playing an increasing role in Cubas burgeoningblack marketeconomy, sometimes termed sociolismo. According to former leading CubanneurosurgeonanddissidentDrHilda Molina, The doctors in the hospitals are charging patients under the table for better or quicker service. Prices for out-of-surgery X-rays have been quoted at $50 to $60.Such under-the-table payments reportedly date back to the 1970s, when Cubans used gifts and tips in order to get health benefits. The harsh economic downturn known as the Special Period in the 1990s aggravated these payments. The advent of the dollar economy, a temporary legalization of the dollar which led some Cubans to receive dollars from their relatives outside of Cuba, meant that a class of Cubans was able to obtain medications and health serve that wo uld not be available to them otherwise. 4)CUBA AND INTERNATIONAL HEALTHCARE In the 1970s, the Cuban state initiated bilateral service contracts and various money-making strategies.Cuba has entered into agreements withUnited Nationsagencies specializing in healthPAHO/WHO,UNICEF, theUnited Nations Food and culture Organization(FAO), theUnited Nations Population Fund(UNFPA), and theUnited Nations Development Fund (UNDP). Since 1989, this collaboration has played a very important role in that Cuba, in addition to obtaining the benefits of being a member country, has strengthened its relations with institutions of excellence and has been able to disseminate some of its own advances and technologies Cuba currently exports considerable health work and personnel to Venezuela in exchange for subsidizedoil. Cuban doctors play a primary role in theMission Barrio Adentro (Spanish Mission Into the Neighborhood) social well-being program established in Venezuela under current Venezuelan presid entHugo Chavez.The program, which is popular among Venezuelas poor and is intended to bring doctors and other medical services to the most remote slums of Venezuela,has not been without its detractors. Operacion Milagro (Operation Miracle) is a joint health program between Cuba and Venezuela, set up in 2005. Human Rights Watchcomplains that the government bars citizens meshed in authorized touch off from taking their children with them overseas, essentially holding the children hostage to guarantee the parents return. Given the widespread fear of forced family separation, these travel restrictions provide the Cuban government with a powerful tool for punishing defectors and silencing critics. Doctors are reported to be monitored by minders and subject to curfew.The Cuban government uses relatives as hostages to prevent doctors from defecting. According to a paper published inThe Lancetmedical journal, growing numbers of Cuban doctors sent overseas to work are defecting to the USA, some via Colombia, where they have sought temporary asylum. Cuban doctors have been part of a large-scale plan by the Cuban state to provide free medical aid and services to the international community (especially third world countries) following natural disasters. Currently dozens of American medical students are trained to instigate in these donations at the Escuela Latino Americana de Medecina (ELAM) in Cuba. 4. 1HEALTH TOURISM AND PHARMACEUTICSCuba attracts about 20,000payinghealth tourists, generating revenues of around $40 million a year for the Cuban economy. Cuba has been serving health tourists from around the world for more than 20 years. The country operates a special division of hospitals specifically for the treatment of foreigners and diplomats. Foreign patients travel to Cuba for a wide range of treatments includingeye-surgery,neurologicaldisorders such asmultiple sclerosisandParkinsons disease,cosmetic surgery, addictions treatment,retinitis pigmentosaand orthopaed ics. Most patients are from Latin America, Europe and Canada, and a growing number of Americans also are coming.Cuba also successfully exports many medical products, such as vaccinums. By 1998, according to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, the Cuban health sector had risen to occupy around two percent of arrive tourism. Some of these revenues are in turn transferred to health care for ordinary Cubans, although the size and importance of these transfers is both unknown and controversial. At one nationally prominent hospital/research institute, hard currency payments by foreigners have financed the construction of a new bathroom in the splanic surgery wing anecdotal evidence suggests that this pattern is common in Cuban hospitals. 5) alternate(a) HEALTHCAREEconomic con agate linets and restrictions on medicines have forced the Cuban health system to incorporatealternativeandherbalsolutions to healthcare issues, which can be more accessible and low-priced to a broader population. In the 1990s, the Cuban Ministry of Public Health officially recognized natural andtraditional medicineand began its integration into the already well established Western medicine model. Examples of alternative techniques used by the clinics and hospitals includeflower essence, neural and hydromineral therapies,homeopathy,traditional Chinese medicine(i. e. acupuncturalanesthesia for surgery), natural dietary supplements,yoga, electromagnetic and optical maser devices.Cuban biochemists have produced a number of new alternative medicines, including PPG (policosanol), a natural product derived from sugarcane wax that is effective at reducing total cholesterin and LDL levels, and Vimang a natural product derived from the bark ofmango trees. 6)MEDICAL RESEARCH IN CUBA The Cuban Ministry of Health produces a number ofmedical journalsincluding theACIMED, theCuban Journal of Surgeryand theCuban Journal of Tropical Medicine. Because the U. S. government restricts in vestments in Cuba by U. S. companies and their affiliates, Cuban institutions have been limited in their ability to enter into research and development partnerships, although exceptions have been made for significant drugs. In April 2007, the Cuba IPV Study Collaborative Group reported in theNewEngland Journal of Medicinethat inactivated (killed) poliovirus vaccine was effective in vaccinating children in tropical conditions. The Collaborative Group consisted of the Cuban Ministry of Public Health, Kouri Institute, U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Pan American Health Organization, and the World Health Organization. This is important because countries with high incidence of polio are now using live oral poliovirus vaccine. When polio is eliminated in a country, they must stop using the live vaccine, because it has a slight risk of reverting to the dangerous form of polio. The collaborative group found that when polio is eliminated in a population, they could safely s witch to killed vaccine and be protected from recurrent epidemics.Cuba has been free of polio since 1963, but continues with mass immunization campaigns. In the 1980s, Cuban scientists developed a vaccine against a strain of bacterial meningitis B, which eliminated what had been a serious disease on the island. The Cuban vaccine is used throughout Latin America. After outbreaks of meningitis B in the United States, the U. S. exchequer Department granted a license in 1999 to an American subsidiary of the pharmaceutical company SmithKline Beecham to enter into a deal to develop the vaccine for use in the U. S. and elsewhere. 7)ANALYSIS In 2006,BBCflagship news programmeNewsnightfeatured Cubas Healthcare system as part of a series identifying the worlds best public services.The report noted that Thanks chiefly to the American economic blockade, but partly also to the web of strange rules and regulations that constrict Cuban life, the economy is in a terrible mess national income per he ad is minuscule, and resources are amazingly tight. Healthcare, however, is a top national priority The report stated that life expectancy and infant mortality rates are nearly the same as the USAs. Its doctor-to-patient ratios stand comparison to any country in Western Europe. Its annual total health spend per head, however, comes in at $251 just over a tenth of the UKs. The report concluded that the populations admirable health is one of the key reasons why Castro is still in power.A 2006 poll carried out bythe Gallup Organizations Costa Rican affiliate Consultoria Interdisciplinaria en Desarrollo (CID) found that about three-quarters of urban Cubans responded positively to the question do you have confidence to your countrys health care system. In 2001, members of theUKHouse of CommonsHealthSelect Committeetravelled to Cuba and issued a report that paid protection to the success of the Cuban healthcare system, based on its strong emphasis on disease prevention and commitment t o the practice of medicine in a community. CUBAS COMPREHENSIVE HEALTH PROGRAM 1. Confronting the Real Disaster Direct long-term medical care Applying lessons from Cuban experience On-the-ground upbringing of local personnel Development and sharing of research Academic training for Cubans at international sites Trilateral cooperation Scholarships for medical education 29 countries involved (21 in Africa) 2. Direct Medical Services Strengthening Health Systems Bilateral government accords, identify needs Bolster public health infrastructure, capabilities Shared financial office Mainly remote, rural postings Individual commitment/institutional commitment Numbers of professionals enough to make a difference 3. Challenges and Opportunities Bolstering Local Public Health Systems OpportunitiesChallenges ___________________________________________________________________ SustainabilityFrustration with local infrastructure Increase understanding locallyBend to local opinions Long-range perspective, understandingVulnerable to govt changes, political will Horizontal model, broad presenceIntegrate vertical programs Increase staffing for health systemCreate felt need in population Broad skill setMismatched, narrow skill set 4. Training Professionals for Global Health At least 100,000 new doctors by 2015 Second Latin American Medical School Cuba has founded 11 medical schools and 2 nursing schools abroad Cuban professors teach in a dozen others 5. Health candor & Cooperation Challenges They Face $$ Resources Lacking Wise use (still lacking) Goals Disease impelled Healthy people driven Programs Silos Blankets Models Stand-alone Building health systems Priorities Donor driven Effective local leadership Investments In buildings In people Reach Pilot programs Scaling Up Way Independent Real cooperation Movement rotary aids Change 8)SOURCES The World Health Organisation, and its regional branch, the Pan American Health Organization, publish regul ar reports as well as making information available on the web. World Health Organisation,World Health Statistics 2009consists mostly of tables (. df format) of health indicators, for most countries, for selected years between 1990 and 2008. World Health Organisation,National Accounts seriesconsists of statistics on the financing of health care in various countries. Cuba tables covers years 1995-2007. Pan American Health Organisation,Health situation in the Americas Basic Indicators 2008. control panel of health indicators for countries, one datum from a recent year (2000-2008) for each indicator. Pan American Health Organisation,Health in the Americas 2007is primarily a text report also contains tables. First section is on the region as a whole, second section is reports on individual countries, including Cuba.

Race and Native American Essay

Identify and briefly explain the dimensions by referencing both textbooks. Some of the different primary dimensions of change include age, gender, mental and physical abilities, race, ethnic heritage, and internal orientation. These are primary due to the fact that they are more fixed, visible, and relevant to an identity. For example, a male in his mid-thirties are all primary dimensions. thither are also secondary dimensions such as geographic location, military/work experience, family status, income, religion, language, education, communication, and work style.For example, a male in his thirties who plays piano time drinking apple cider for a hobby would be secondary. As we learned in class the difference between these are easily remembered by thinking visible and invisible. At first glance one would be able to guess age and gender, however the secondary dimensions are wide and pleasant judgments to a closed mind. ?With what ethnic, cultural, or other groups do you identify? D escribe what members of your social circle have in common.My ethnic background is Native American and Portuguese. On my mothers side of the family I get the Native American. Our tribe is the Karok tribe. Its origins are Northern California. I am not registered however I get bit and pieces from my mom sometimes. She tells me that I am an 8th Native American. This if I am not mistaken is enough to qualify for the federal benefits for health care and school funds. I have just not done the footwork to find out. This leads me into the second piece of the question.I am not a social occasion of this social circle and I cannot answer what we all have in common other than the physical appearance. Generally, we all have dark hair and chromatic skin tone, and also having brown or hazel eyes. I notice from the members of my family that the woman age very well. Not so much the men. Inclusion is draw as an addition. For example relative to thus class, an African American child being adopted b y a Hispanic family and ten years by and by the African American child adapting to the rituals and cultural expectations if the Hispanic culture.This word can pertain to a wide variety of situations. Another example would be a defect in a precious stone such as a ruby or diamond. ?What is the difference between diversity and inclusion? Idictonary defines diversity as a noun meaning the condition of having or being composed of differing elements variety. ?What is the importance of workplace diversity training? ?What is your experience with workplace culture? Could there be, or could there have been, more inclusion?

Holistic Approaches to Development Essay

My focus with this assignment go out be on schooling as a whole and to demonstrate a acquaintance of key legislation in respect of curricula and initiatives in spite of appearance the widening childrens education work-force. I will do this through relevant knowledge and understanding gained from personal experience, demonstrating a comprehension of the holistic temper of accomplishment and how it is developed through age-appropriate activities. I int kibosh to show an understanding of the types, role and functions of incline.I will relate them to theoretical and practical models of play and skill practised at my setting, where the Primary Years Programme is implemented. The Primary Year Programme (PYP) takes a holistic tone-beginning in developing the complete child. Practitioners endeavour to deliver a curriculum that is relevant and meaningful to the child. Piaget suggests the principal goal of education is to harbour out people who are capable of original thought and of being creative and not simply repeating what previous generations have done.The PYP is a Primary curriculum recognised world-wide and the PYP for Early Childhood synthesizes insights of educational research pioneers such as Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner who maintained that education should be understood as the art of cultivating the moral, emotional, physical, mental and spiritual dimensions of the developing child (J,1013). present is child-centred activity that engages young children and fires l get aheading. Play is the means by which children make sense of the world and is an effective method of command young children.Play is a context for learning through which children organise and understand their social worlds as they actively engage with people, objects and representations. An holistic approach to education foc purposes on the whole child with look at and education being of equal enormousness and is known as a combined holistic approach. Montessori and Stein er are among the close to important of the many education theorists who have influenced the air children are educated today.Learning through play is one of the key principles that they and other education theorists advocated. completely children have the right to be in a well(p) and welcoming purlieu. Keeping children safe is of course a non-negotiable element of any primaeval geezerhood framework (Tickell, 2011. ) In the United Kingdom there is a wide range of legislation enacted specific each(prenominal)y with the aim of protecting children and their families. The safeguarding and welfare requirements are given up legal force by The Early Years Foundation Stage (Welfare Requirements) Regulations.EYFS is the legal framework for the welfare and safeguarding of all young children from birth through to the end of the reception years in all types of early years education provision. Learning Outcome 1 -You will need to produce clear consequence of your knowledge and understandi ng of key, recent legislation current initiatives pertinent to your setting practice. You can demonstrate this by discussing what is encompassed within the initiatives currently avowing practice and identifying the unlike curricula available to parents, children and settings e. g.National Curriculum, The Early Years Foundation Stage, Steiner Approach, Montessori etc. Higher associations will be awarded if you can demonstrate a critical awareness of the importance of the key legislation current initiatives pertinent to your chosen age range within the setting Learning Outcome 2 You should show that you understand the nature and meaning of a holistic approach to learning and popnce, whilst recognising the need to get out strategies for incorporating a range of holistic age related curriculum-based learning activities, which help promote development through play and.You should also identify specific aspects of your age-related research as being of significance to holistic dev elopment and explain their importance. To improve the grade you must show that you have considered a wide and comprehensive range of strategies for incorporating holistic age related curriculum -based learning activities, which will help development through play and learning in the setting. Remember that the essay is intended to show your ability to integrate ideas and information wasted from a range of sourcesFrom early in the 20th century, a number of holistic approaches to early education have been put forward and refined (ref needed) . The most important principle of holistic education being to engender and nurture a sense of wonder in the child. Montessori, for example, spoke of cosmic education, which helps the young person feel purpose of the wholeness of the universe, so that learning will be naturally enchanting and inviting (Miller,2012 pg for a direct qoute).Holistic education is founded on the premise that each person finds identity, meaning, and drive in life by con necting with the partnership, to the natural world and to spiritual values such as compassion and peace (J? rootage? , 2013). Miller date? describes holistic education as . an attempt to return to the mysterious source of human creativity and authenticity for fresh inspiration. It seeks to enable the wholeness of the human being to emerge and develop as fully as possible.In contrast to progressive education, Holistic education sees the child as an emerging spiritual being within a larger planetary and cosmic ecology that extends beyond social and political realities. In Holistic education we must respond to the learner with an open, inquiring mind, a loving heart and a sensitive understanding of the world he or she is growing into.. (Holistic Education, 2011). too long a qoute, break mow into own words please part However, the Reggio Emilia approach to holistic education involves dealing with or rating the whole of something or someone, and not unsloped a part of the whole (J? , 2013). This approach also places great emphasis on artistic self-expression and engaged creativity. Miller (2006) suggests that while there is clearly no one method, after reviewing a number of different holistic article of belief methodologies, he concluded that there are four key aspects of the holistic approach to teaching Learning is organic, emergent, experimental and based on cooperation.thither is a strong sense of community and engagement between children, parents and educators where those members feel strongly to care for one another There is a great respect for childrens inner life, with methods ranging from environmental spaces that facilitate time out of competitive nosier environments, to time to enquire deeper questions about the meaning of life and spirituality. There are strong connections to nature, with the care and connection with the environment incorporated throughout the curriculum (Higgins, 2012)In keeping with a holistic approach, the Priamary Years Prog ra (PYP) curriculum is an inquiry-based transdisciplinary curriculum. Pre-planned teaching is facilitated only in so far as it initiates open-ended questioning and inquisitiveness. Children are given maximum opportunities for discovery. A childs questions are an important part of what happens in a PYP classroom. The school aims to develop the whole child, so while developing academic knowledge and skills, we also develop a childs social and emotional skills and understanding.Children are taught to be caring individuals and encouraged to make a positive variation in the world. The IB Learner Profile Attributes guides schools in their holistic approach to education and includes the social and emotional aspects of a childs school life. The PYP teaches students that they can make a difference in their lives by being independent and making good choices, for example by turning lights off to save energy when deviation the classroom, or recycling materials to avoid unnecessary waste.Physi cal education too is an integral part of the PYP curriculum and provides vital opportunities for the physical, social, emotional and intellectual development of the child. In Nutbrowns (2012 pg? ) review she asserts that, high quality early education and childcare can have a positive long term tint on a childs later learning and achievements. Connecting with nature is important for a childs spiritual development and should inform unremarkable activity. Incorporating holistic activity into the early childhood classroom provides opportunities for children to connect with nature.Activities such as painting classes in a park or other clear neighbourhood location expose children to nature, while painting on mirrors helps develop self-awareness and spirituality by encouraging creativity and the representation of ideas while having fun. These are all straightforward, uncomplicated, activities that encourage a child to be inquiring. Refs needed The extreme heat and humidity at certain t imes of the year in Hong Kong make it blowy to take children outside to explore and discover.When this happens, we do our better(p) to bring the outside into the classroom. We use natural materials such as shells and leaaves to inspire and encourage creativity. We also provide tools more normally associated with adult usage, such as cameras, this to illustrate the point that children are competent and capable learners and able quickly to master relatively advanced technology. As our knowledge of each child increases and we become more familiar with his or her interests, we use this and festivals such as Diwali, Christmas and Thanksgiving to inform our planningThis learning outcome requires you to show sound evidence of practical knowledge and understanding of theoretical and practical models of play and learning which incorporate examples of the different types, roles and functions of play in the widening childrens workforce setting. To improve you would need to demonstrate clear, concise, in depth evidence & knowledge/understanding, of the application of practical and theoretical models of play and learning. Incorporating a range of examples of the different types, roles and functions of play.Smidt (2011) argues that Play may be defined as the way children, within a context, a culture, a family or a community explore or experience something that excites and interests them and is fun. Through play, children learn to express or communicate their feelings (Smidt,2011. ) Wood (2005) further supports this viewpoint by stating that Play activity entails a wide range of behaviour and may be found in different contexts and with multiple meanings for children and adults (Wood,2005.A holistic, place-based, approach to learning utilises the local community and environment to teach subjects across the curriculum, emphasising hands-on real life experiences. Ref here Blah Blah (2010) discusses how Various educational theorists have influenced the way young children are e ducated today. Among the most influential have been Rudolf Steiner and Maria Montessori ref. Both shared a belief in the importance of learning through their play. They believed that experimental learning through play was more effective teaching methods than ones that were directed and prescriptive ref.The Reggio Emilia approach, developed by Loris Malaguzzi,ref here emphasised the role of the child as a competent agent in his or her own learning. Within this setting, educators make informed choices about the pedagogical approaches and curriculum based on the theories and principles of Malaguzzi. There must be a reference or more within every paragraph to show where the info came from, its particularly important when discussing speculation or viewpoints. Bruce (date) as cited in Smidt (date) clearly regards play as one of the most significant ways children learn.She refers to play as an integrating mechanism. When children are convolute in self-chosen play, over which they have c ontrol of what they are doing, they are able to bring together many aspects of their learning, coordinating their activity in a way that brings about or creates new learning (Bruce, 1991 page ? ), enabling discovery and problem solving as the child becomes increasingly independent. There are play opportunities both inside the PYP (Primary Years Program) classroom and in the playground as the learning environment is equipped with material that provides for a range of creative learning.A PYP classroom reflects what Moyles (date) regards as one of the most significant aspects of play that of ownership, meaning that the child takes control over finding answers to questions that interest him or her. Wood 2005) recognizes that Play cannot always be easily defined or categorised because it is always context dependent and the contexts are varied (Wood,2005). Types of play cognitive play, involved play, unresisting play, pretend and socio-dramatic. She discusses this viewpoint further by s tating The context of play will determine its nature and category, play is therefore context-dependent (Wood, 2005).However, as the context varies, so will the nature of play in which the child engages cognitive play, involved play, passive play, pretend play and Socio-dramatic play being the most important types. The physical development young children is also essential. Research has shown that physical activity in young children can enhance concentration, motivation, learning and well-being. Early Years educators use their knowledge of developmentally appropriate practice and the interests of the child to organise activities that provide opportunities for freedom of movement and physical stimulation.Refs needed throughout this paragraph Piaget, another theorist, (date, cited in? ) believed that play and pretended were an important feature of his theory. He saw play as almost pure assimilation without any attempt to adapt to outer reality (Wood, 2005). While Erikson ref thought th e world of play was very important in the early stage of a childs development, providing, as it did, a safe place for a child to work through conflicts in its life. Piaget, Erikson and Vygotsky ref all agreed that children use play as a way of teaching themselves.A child plays through situations very much as adults might think through a problem or difficult circumstances in which they find themselves. Children, of course, can more readily and naturally engage in fantasy play, when they delve into symbolic representations of objects and ideas by acting them out as part of a game or other form of play. ref Try to widen references from Wood, and use more than one ref in a paragraph. If you use the same source within a paragraph, you can use the term (ibid) which means the same in Latin.You can only use it with the paragraph that youve cited the author e. g. Wood (2005) blah blah blah (ibid) Its important you are using wider reading within and throughout the work There should also be a conclusion, which shows awareness of good practice and professional development through the implementation of this module. Throughout the essay, you must show the ability to integrate a range of information, drawn from a wide and varied area of sources (LO 4)Learning Outcome 4 You will need to draw upon a range of contemporary source materials to inform your individual research into the impact of current/pending government initiatives & legislative factors on early years settings and the resultant age-related curricula delivered. Educational & researched-based journal articles afford the best opportunity of achieving this. Use of tertiary sources and of web-based material is permitted but is unlikely to attract significant additional marks. Sourcing and researching other related material may also earn additional marks.

Lord of the Flies: Human Nature Essay

In the novel, Lord of the Flies, Golding has young and innocent children on a remote island to test how human reputation works. Golding uses objects such as the conch and the Beast to consider our society politically and psychologically. The novel shows humans own illness and human genius. Human nature is unavoidable and can be a inception of abuse.It is ones nature to do whatever it takes in order to survive. By savouring to survive ones evil creeps out. dirt and his hunters showed the most evil. The first pig being killed was the first sign of evil. They celebrated the killings and became blood thirsty for hunting. It was human nature for the hunters and the little boys to follow Jack and to try to survive on the island.Evil is an inborn trait that lives inside every one. It is our parents job to teach good morals and values when we are young, but evil can non be fully covered up. The children enjoyed the freedom away from rules and adults. As time passes on the island thei r freedom soon turns into a nightmare and in the end some died. Civilization is not so far from savagery and everyone has some kind of evil lurking about. Even the little innocent British boys cave in a certain amount of evil in themselves.The kids are used to rules, but they soon realize that rules do not matter anymore. They can not be punished for throwing rocks or pushing a boulder and killing someone. Roger can not get into trouble by adults anymore, so his human nature kicks in and he reveals his evilness. He was able to kill without getting into trouble.The Beast is messing with the kids minds and they become crazed little boys. The fear makes them turn into savages and kill to survive. The Beast is kindred a phobia for the littluns. Beast from the Air arrives and stirs up some more trouble. It confuses them because they realize there are more things to be cautious of. The conch was supposed to be good, but the power of it changes the kids. Jack and Ralph fight about who ha s the conch and who is the leader. It is human nature for Jack to desire the conch and what is not his.Human nature has a big office in Lord of the Flies and many of the kids can not handle it. Once human nature was revealed many turned into little killers. It was human nature to try to survive and many did live at the end, but at the cost of lives.

Dark Tourism

1. 0 Introduction 1. 1 Key Objectives The aim of the report is to study puritanical touristry and prove what are the issues generated by the evolution of this phenomenon. 1. 2 Scope The report includes a definition of dark tourism, the history, a description of its target markets with its marketing implications, the push and pluck factors and the various impacts caused and the challenges faced. Lastly, conclusions will be drawn. 2. 0 Main Discussions 2. 1 Definition black-market tourism is demarcated as encompassing the trial run to any site confederate with shoemakers last, disaster and tragedy for commemoration, education or entertainment (Webber, 2007). . 2 History Dark tourism is not considered a new phenomenon as it can be referred back to the twelfth century (McCormick, 2004). As far as the Dark ages, pil risques have started travelling to tombs. The increase in media has allowed events to be reported and repeated. With the increased improvements in technology, tourists and people can have an insight and be introduced to dark tourism (Stone, 2006). 2. 3 Types of Dark Tourism Dark tourism is the act of travel and visitation to the sites, attractions and exhibitions which have real or recreated death, suffering or disaster in general. umteen tourists have flocked to experience sites of past terror that offer grim and disturb tragedies. However, dark tourism has become so broad that there are many sub-classifications to categorize it. 2. 4 Trends of Dark Tourism The main reason for see dark sites is because of the tourists interest in the elements to witness executions and learn about the death of famous people and others, the demise and fall of empires, torment and suffering of sites from wars or down in the mouth murders.Tourists also visit the sites sometimes to feel the power of faith, with the inspiration that they can get hope from these deaths (Tarlow, 2005). 2. 5 Push and Pull Factors 2. 5. 1 Push Factors close to tourists prefer more(pr enominal) daring, exciting and adventure while others with self development needs may look forward to learning about history cigaret the events that has happened, widening and exploring more parts of the world. Curiosity and novelty has enticed many tourists to visit dark sites. Also, some tourists travel to these sites to commemorate their family members. . 5. 2 Pull Factors Sites with historical and grim events such as the United States of America where the Pearl Harbor took place have enticed many visits from the tourists. The media has played a role in promoting the sites to the public. Movies were based on sites such the Cullen house in the movie Twilight has an upsurge in tourist visitation. 2. 6 Market Segments Four tourist classifications were identified and are as follows the organized mass tourist, the respective(prenominal) mass tourist, the explorer and the drifter (Cohen, 2004).The generic and niche markets are two distinct types of tourists are who visit dark tourism sites. The niche market segments usually have a particular interest in exploring the conflict and are mostly young people who are individual travellers, part of a university group with an education interest and tourists with a need for self-development (Pearce, 2005). 2. 7 Marketing Implications Dark tourism sites marketing managers need to understand the temperament of the dark tourism product and not promote dark tourism wrongly having reflective implications for society at large (Stone, 2005).Many tourists visiting dark sites have education as their key motivator. These sites can focus on its teaching aspects such as offering and promoting additional services such as lectures, seminars, or workshops can enhance the tourists experience on site. These sites can also de-market themselves to make it unattractive to cut down on the revile caused to the site. 2. 8 squeezes of Dark Tourism 2. 8. 1 Economic Impact Tourism can help bring in revenue to improve a countrys economic grow th through employment and opportunities (Simpson, Gossling, Scott, Hall, & Gladin, 2008).With the influx of tourists coming from around the world, tourist receipts will grow and directly contributes to the economies of many destinations. 2. 8. 2 Environmental Impact Environmental degradation is caused by different pollutions of air, water, noise and land. Solid waste and litters that tourist dispose has contributed largely to the global environment problem. The carbon paper emissions of air crafts and carbon footprints of tourists have also increased air and land pollution (Yale, 2004). The zoning of dark tourism sites can help curb problems of over development.However, it also marrow a sacrifice of an area for the entire site. 2. 8. 3 Socio-Cultural Impact The conserveability of tourists going to dark tourism sites have become an issue. Because commercialization erodes historical value, it is difficult to sustain the sites and maintain the memory from the past. Also, with touris ts bringing their own culture into destinations and site, culture management becomes another impact. Tourist should have an obligation to observe codes of behavior and be conscious(predicate) of cultural norms in the destination they are visiting (Howie, 2003). 2. 9 ChallengesNo doubt many opportunities for the local communities will be created and this allows locals to have an improved life. Many locals can take this opportunity to show their handicrafts. However, these products will be commercialized and loses it authenticity after a period of time. Another challenge identified is that of the long damage caused by visitors. Inevitably the high number of visitors received by sites will have an impact in the long term. Therefore it is important to land a visitor number management to control visitor arrivals to the sites (Yale, 2004). 3. 0 ConclusionDark tourism has been defined as those visits to any sites associated with death, disaster and tragedy. It has been notable of the v arious factors why people decide to visit these particular sites. Because dark tourism is an umbrella for various kinds of tourism, there are issues involved and many slipway to decrease the impacts caused. Dark tourism sites are highly susceptible to damage and the demand for dark tourism should be controlled via de-marketing tools. However, the issue of de-marketing to improve or decrease the tourists arrivals as such can still be debatable. 4. 0 References Cohen, E. (2004).Contemporary tourism Diversity and change. Boston Elsevier. Howie, F. (2003) Managing the Tourist Destination, London Continuum Lennon, J. and Foley, M. (2004) Dark Tourism, London Thomson McCormick, M. (2004) Ground Zero and the phenomena of dark tourism, Available from http//www. pilotguides. com/destination_guide/north_america/new_york/ground_zero. php Pearce, P. L. (2005). Tourist behaviour Themes and conceptual schemes. Clevedon Channel View Publications. Stone, P. R. (2005) Dark Tourism an old concept i n a new world Tourism Journal of the Tourism Society, The Tourism Society, Quarter IV, Issue 125, . 20 Stone, P. R. (2006) A dark tourism spectrum Towards a typology of death and macabre related tourist sites, attractions and exhibitions TOURISM An Interdisciplinary International Journal, Vol 54(2) p145-160. Tarlow P E (2005) Dark Tourism the appealing dark side of tourism and more, in M Novelli (ed) Niche Tourism, Contemporary Issues Trends and Cases. Oxford Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, p47-58. Webber, S. (2007, January 1). Dark Tourism. Retrieved on January 4, 2011, from City Paper http//www. citypaper. ee/dark_tourism/ Yale, P. (2004) From Tourist Attractions to Heritage Tourism, 3rd ed. , Elm

Inclusive teaching and learning approaches Essay

The aim of this assignment is to gain an understanding into comprehensive instruction and discipline approaches as well be open to use them in my teaching. It will withal explore how I can create a learning milieu that maneuvers and motivates students and my planning, delivery and evaluation of my teaching. The Warnock composing 1978 introduced the idea of Special Educational Needs and encouraged the thought process of statements and an inclusive teaching by suggesting that common educational goals were fixate regardless(prenominal) of the learners abilities or disabilities (Education and Skills Committee 2006). This is is further back up by Hodkinson and Vickerman (2009) who state that educational need should be considered the priority and not an idiosyncratic learning disability. Therefore, inclusive teaching is about stoping any student the ability to achieve their full potential through education and training, by treating students mately and without discrimination t his will make for a conducive learning environment.As an inclusive teacher this will necessitate the teacher to realise that all students be treated differently in order to maximise the individuals learning potential and identify any students learning needs or on that pointfore barriers that may arise to progressing their learning. By undertaking these steps to ensure early identification on learning needs and barriers, strategies can be put in place to minimise negative impacts of these barriers and ensure an equal and inclusive learning environment. in spite of appearance my role, over the last 15 years, as a coastguard rescue officeholder part of my inherited role is to support, train, assess and feedback to managers on newer team up members competency as well as support senior officers with delivering training packages to team members throughout Cornwall.This is a new development and is a with child(p) peculiarity to the development of teams and competencies levels. Thes e training packages fetch been developed from a foundation through to the higher technician competencies and have proven a great success. Upon completion of the foundation training coastguard officers will then undertake a number of further competency courses which include the rope rescue operator course. This has both inherent strength and weaknesses to the course, one of which is that the learners on the courseare from a multitude of teams from across Cornwall and this can prove contest at times, however, the strength of doing this in this manner is that we can also share knowledge and best exert across the county. The limitation of just having one level of competency attending the course does not allow for real fortune for learning due to policies created that only technicians are able to go over a cliff.This in turn limits the real life ability to put it in to practise. The course has been developed and this policy overcome by the fortune to allow technicians to attend an d again share knowledge, experience and best practise. Within any education and training, environment is distinguish in ensuring that the opportunity for learners to develop and reaffirm their knowledge of key functional skills in English, Mathematics and ICT as well as wider skills is possible. These skills can be developed course through your subject matter and will often create a supreme learning environment the more naturally they occur. When undertaking these skills in your learning environment the tasks need to be relevant and savory with real time/life situations to ensure maximum opportunity for learning. Within my learning environment in that respect are many opportunities for these skills to be developed and affirmed.When undertaking training with the coastguard and teaching and sharing knowledge there are many opportunities for the use of technologies in the form of technical equipment used for the lowering and hauling of team members and causalities, as well as a nee d for clear communication skills between team members from the somebody over the cliff to the cliff top and officer in charge, who all require a clear, elliptical and informed briefing and ongoing updates throughout the training evolution. Further to this is the need to understand the breaking strains and tensions on the equipment and ability to calculate the potential stretch in a rope over a surpass are just some examples of embedded functional skills within my teaching and learning environment. An inclusive teaching and learning environment needs to allow learners to feel comfortable, relaxed and feel safe to allow them to maximise the opportunity to learn and achieve their full learning potential.When undertaking education and training the approach, resources and assessment methods used as a teacher are key to ensure that the learner is enjoying the learning environment. Ensure you are able to connect to the individual learner using their name, speak directly to them and not a boutthem, ensure their utter is heard when undertaking feedback or tutorials and that any individuals needs are catered for. This is particularly master(prenominal) in ensuring and understanding the needs of learners with dyslexia. Garner (2008) states that where a child is referred to as having dyslexia, they may experience appreciable difficulty in reading, writing and spelling but this is not necessarily a reflection on their intellectual capabilities. Therefore it is important to ensure that their needs are catered for adequately to allow them full entrance fee to the learning. For example, ensuring handouts are available on coloured paper can help to allow one of the barriers of dyslexia to be overcome.Ensure resources for the training are current and relevant, if you are undertaking worksheets or workbooks ensure that there is opportunity to allow staged tasks for different levels of learning or learners who may suffer from autism. Clear goal saddle horse and ensuring tha t goals are achievable before the need to move to another task, where practical, reduces the impact on the learner and allows the opportunity for extension activities. When undertaking any education or training opportunity motivation and keenness to engage with the training is of vital importance as the more the engagement and student led learning the less work as a teacher you may have to do. Ensure a knowledge of what motivates your learners and if they are attending the training because they have too or to develop themselves will give you an insight into an individuals motivation.There are many ways to motivate individuals to engage in the training from ensuring an overarching positive learning environment to interesting creative tasks ensuring a variety of learning styles and strategies are employed. When undertaken training of a new cohort of learners the way in which the ground rules of the session, course or environment are set are fundamental to the success of ensuring maxim um engagement and potential achievement, as well as to ensure a safe working environment.There are many ways to establish ground rules from a teacher led process where they dictate rules to the group and is very much a You must not. And Dont do., for a more constructive and joined up approach a negotiation style approach could be considered to ensure investment from learners and signed agreement could allow for a greater commitment from them. There will more often than not be imposed rules both as part of health and safety responsibility or due to policies and procedures that areable to be avoided but these can be discussed and ensure a clear consistent understanding of these and reasoning could embolden in the collaborative approach to the learning environment.ReferencesEducation and Skills Committee (2006) Special Educational Needs tercet Report of session 2005-2006. Online HC 478-II. London, the Stationary Office. Available from http//www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200506 /cmselect/cmeduski/478/478ii.pdf Accessed 20th April 2015. Garner, P. (2008) Special Educational Needs The blusher Concepts. London, Routledge. Hodkinson, A. and Vickerman, P. (2009) Key Issues in Special Educational Needs and Inclusion. London, SAGE Publications Ltd.

Organization Study Essay

introOrganization as sealed is the examination of how individuals construct systemal structures, solvees, and practices and how these, in turn, shape social relations and throw institutions that ultimately influence hoi polloi, organisational studies comprise contrasting argonas that deal with the different aspects of the organizations, many of the approaches argon functionalist but critical research in addition provide alternative frame for escorting in the field. An organization is a group of persons formed to seek certain goals. Each and every organization has its own splendor in the wealth of nation. dissimilar organization meets different products and services. In this fast changing business scenario, it is the controlling for every aspirant of business to have a vivid understanding of the functional application of the sensitive age business.The organization study undertaken as a part of the curriculum was d unmatched at The Kerala Kerakarshaka Sahakarana alliance Ltd (KERAFED), Thiruvananthapuram. This study provides an opportunity to expose the students to an industry /organization and its operational conditions. This study also aims at having a better understanding of sundry(a) departments and its run. This report consists of a detailed study of the history of the company, product profile, organizational hierarchy, various departments and their functioning etc. This study proved to be fruitful by familiarizing us to the organization and at the same time it also helped us to create practical awargonness.KERAFEDs primary(prenominal) product is KERA cocoanut tree anoint the purest, healthiest and tastiest provision rock petroleum. The federation started commercial production in 1993. KERAFEDs coco vegetable petroleum production whole shebang is in Karunagapally in Kollam district. The head mail of KERAFED is in Thiruvananthapuram. Regional office in Ernakulum and mobile units are at Malappuram. KERAFED one of the largest coc o palm tree tree palm oil producers aims at an integrated teaching of coco palm and coconut products. crossroadion plant of KERAFED is having the facilities for transiting of copra, decline and packing. Processing is done through with(predicate) or so sophisticated processing facilities.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDYTo study about the organization and how it functions.To learn the working of various departments.To understand how the theoretical aspects are define to practice in the organization.To assess the market efforts adopted by the company.To study about the organizational culture.To study various production levels and units.To study the financial activities of the company.To study the overall functioning of the company.It aims to understand the f get-go of authority inside the organization.To identify and evaluate the strength, weakness, opportunity and threats faced by organization. intentness PROFILEThe coconut palm is one of the most valuable plants to man. In Sanskrit the coconut palm is called kalpa vriksha, which some translated means Tree of Life. In India, it provides livelihood to about 10 million people through various activities from its subtlety to processing of its products. All the parts of the coconut tree cornerstone be put to useful purposes- the roots, the trunk, the wood, leaves, the blossom and all the parts of the nut. Two major classes of coconut palm are typically recognized on the basis of structure tall and overtop. The ones most commonly planted for commercial purposes are the tall varieties, which are slow to mature and first flower six to ten years later planting. They produce medium-to-large size daft and have a life span of sixty to seventy years. The dwarf varieties may have originated as a mutation of tall types. The dwarf variety may stick to a height of twenty five to thirty feet and begin flower after three years, when they are only about three feet tall. Their life span is only about thirty years.INDIAN n utriment OIL INDUSTRYThe climate conditions in India favors of a variety of oil seeds. On the demand side, a developing population and vastly varied directory habits have ensured a thriving market for Edible oil in the convey. In India, the fasts of animal origin are rarely used as a provision media the term vegetable oil is used as a synonym for Edible oil. Thus, Edible oil is a major source of nutrition for the people and oil cakes, which are by-products of oil source process and are important sources of animal nutrition.Oil seeds in India account for around 5.0% of the Gross subject field Product (GNP) and 14.0% of the countrys area under cultivation of crops. Castor, Groundnut, Mustard, Sunflower etc. are some of the major oil seeds grown the rise in oil seeds production has been stimulated by increase in production of soya been and groundnut crops. India produces10% of the worlds oil seeds, but has a low productiveness around 850-900 kg per hectare. The oil seeds take th eir place, next only to food grains, has the second largest coarse crop. The cultivation of oil seeds in India is spread over various states. In Jan1989, the Government announced an integrated oil policy which emphasizes on the introduction of moved plan and incentive price to the Production Programmed through the technology mission on oil seeds.GLOBAL SCENARIOThe oil and fat industry consists of processors of vegetable, animal and marine products that interchange these products into edible oils and fats usually interchange as food products in their own right or sold as ingredients for further processing into other food products. In India, the facts of animal origin are seldom used as cooking media. Edible oil is a major source of nutrition for the people and the oil cakes which are by-products of the extraction process are important sources of animal nutrition.Vegetable oils are extracted from the fruits, flowers and seeds of plant and essentially have the same constituent but its propositions may vary. The principle vegetable oils are palm, sunflower, corn, groundnut, cotton fiber seed etc. Among these oil seeds copra or coconut production is only 1%. The crop plays a dominant role in the socio-economic and cultural life of the growers. Indonesia, Philippines and India are the top three leading producers of coconut oil. 3.5 million Tones of coconut oil are produced annually around the world. coconut tree Industry in India coconut palms are grown widely in the coastal tracts of the country. The coconut economy of India is in a agreeable status. India accounts for 22.34 percent of the worlds coconut production and is one of the major players in the worlds coconut trade. Currently the crop is 1.91 million hectares with an annual production of nearly 13000 million nuts. Copra processing, coconut oil extraction and coir manufacturing are the traditional coconut baseindustries in the country. The price of the coconut in the country is dependent on the preva iling price of coconut oil which is characterized by recurring violent fluctuations. The fashion of coconut oil price is relatively dependent on overall add of oils and fats in the country. The fluctuation in the price of the coconut oil simultaneously reflects on the price of coconut.The volatile price home often ends in the negligence of the coconut gardens, leading to attack of pests and diseases and low productivity. Of the range of ways, promoting cost powerful coconut based farming system, product diversification and value addition play a life-or-death role in the stabilization of the coconut oil driven domestic market and is essential for reorienting and engineering the Indian coco palm Industry cost effective and globally competitive. The coconut palm Development Board has been playacting pivotal role in promoting viable coconut based farming system, on-farm processing and products organic evolution.The production and merchandise of value added products have start ed attracting commercial interest and the situation brought rejuvenation in the sector. The market promotional measures undertaken in pursuit of the popularization of health benefits of coconut oil and tender coconut water have attributed a stimulating effect on the less dependency of coconut oil driven coconut economy. thither has been a well defined network in the country to undertake the R&D of coconut. The pronounce Agricultural Universities, ICAR Institutes, Agriculture/Horticulture Departments of States/UTs, organizations like NAFED, KERAFED etc. and private institutions contribute to the pursuit of the research and development process of coconut in the country.STRENGTH OF INDIAN COCONUT INDUSTRYIndia is one of the leading producers of coconuts in the world, producing 13 billion nuts per annum. The coconut areas are distributed in 18 states and three Union Territories under different agro-climatic conditions. India has 3000 years tradition in coconut cultivation.It is the pre mier coir manufacturing country in the world. India is the producer of trump musical score milling copra in the world yielding high ordinate coconut oil known for its olfactory modality and flavor. Large number of farmers co-operative societies in primary processing and selling. Government agencies such as KERAFED, State Trading Corporation, Kerala State Marketing Federation and Karnataka State Marketing Federation in manufacturing and marketing of branded coconut oil in small packs.Hundreds of reputed and conventional private firms in manufacturing and marketing of various coconut products including branded coconut oil in small packs. There are wide ranges of coconut products two edible and non-edible available for export. Technical know-how and trained manpower for the comprise of various coconut based products. There is an availability of research support by reputed research organizations such as CSIR, ICAR and DRDO. Coconut Products in IndiaA large number of coconut produ cts are dod in the country which have both domestic and export market. Vinegar and soft drink are manufactured in the country from coconut water. Tender coconut water is another product which is manufactured and marketed success to the full. Coconut ProductsCoconut OilCoconut oil gather ins up about 20% of all vegetable oils used in the world. Copra, the dried sum of money is the chief commercial product from coconut, which is mainly used for oil extraction. Coconut oil is made from fully dried copra having maximum moisture content of 6%. For the extraction of oil from copra the common method unruffled prevailing in our country is by using rotary chucks. But the in effect(p) system of extraction of oil is by the use of expellers. Coconut oil is an important cooking medium in southerly parts of the country especially in Kerala State. Besides, the oil has varied industrial applications. It is used in the manufacture of detergents, cop tonics, cosmetics and toilet soaps, laundry soaps, and surface active agents. It is used throughout the country as hair oil as it helps growth of the hair.As massage oil it has a cooling effect on the body. Owing to these qualities coconut oil has a potential market in the country. Since the price of a coconut oil in the international market is very much lower than the domestic price, the timber and attractor of consumer packs are important factors to compete in the world market. While the demand for coconut oil for cooking purpose is elastic, its demand as hair oil is inelastic. Coconut oil is marketed in bulk as well as in packs ranging from sachets containing 5 ml to 15 kg tins.The branded coconut oil in small packs is mainly marketed as hair oil and body oil. There are some(prenominal) brands known for their superior grade oil which have export market throughout the world. India has unbeatable criterion advantage in this sector. Refined coconut oil is also manufactured in the country for industrial uses. Refined coco nut oil is mainly used in the manufacture of biscuits, chocolates and other confectionary items, ice cream, pharmaceutical products and costly paints. Generally, filtered coconut oil is used for cooking and toiletry purposes. pure Coconut OilVirgin Coconut Oil is also made in the country from the milk extracted from raw kernel. This is done on a small scale by the traditional method which is now partially mechanized or on a large scale by adopting wet processing technology. Coconut milk is fermented and thusly by mechanical process, water is separated from oil. No heating or application of sunlight or dryer is done for the process. The virgin coconut oil is free from Trans juicy acid, high in medium chain fats known as lauric acid, which is identical to special groups of fats found human breast milk and also rich in vitamin-E. High quality of this oil makes it ideal massage oil for babies and also for flake off and hair applications.APPLICATIONSCookingCoconut oil is widely used in cooking, the refined oil is one most commonly used. ManufacturingCoconut oil is used in volume quantities for making soap and cosmetics. Hydrogenated coconut oil is often used in non-dairy creamers, and snack foods. Fractionated coconut oil is used in the manufacture of essences, massage oils and cosmetics. Coconut oil is an important component of many industrial lubri spatets, for example in the frozen rolling of steel strip.Cosmetics and skin treatmentsCoconut oil is excellent as a skin moisturizer and softener.Coconut oil is used for styling hair, and cooling or smoothing the head. As a fuel-Traditional useCoconut oil is used in oil lamps.In diesel enginesCoconut oil has been tested for use as a feedstock for biodiesel to be used as a diesel engine fuel. In this manner it gutter be applied to power generators and transport using diesel engines. Raw coconut oil can be used as a fuel for generating electricity by remote communities that has an abundant supply of coconuts and m illing capacity, provided diesel engines are adapted.Health effectsStudies have found that coconut oil can help in weight loss and poison recovery. Nutritional/MedicinalEasy digestibility and absorbability. saint energy source in baby foods.Contains Vitamin-E.Composed mainly of short and medium chain fatty acids which have desirable qualities and functions.Does not contain cholesterin.Reduced fat accumulation in body.Easily oxidized and therefore a preferred energy source.Requires no transport system to absorb, digest and metabolize.Very low content of Omega 6 fatty acid.Studies undertaken by the Biochemistry Department, University of Kerala showed that coconut oilDoes not elevate phone line total cholesterolIncreases blood HDL cholesterolConsumed along with coconut kernel lowers blood cholesterol CopraCopra is the dried meat or kernel of the coconut. Copra making can be defined as the dogmatic process through which the fresh meat coconut containing 50 to 55% moisture is dried in sun or other sources of to bring down the moisture content 5% to 6% only. cardinal to twelve month old nuts are utilized for copra making to obtain the optimum outturn of better quality copra. The nuts are first husked to remove the fibrous outer layer of the husk. The husked nuts are then split into halves and the water is drained off. These halves are then kept for half an moment with the open side turned down to ensure that entire water is drained off, if this is not done, some moisture pass on be retained which will in turn lead to deterioration of copra. The halves or cups are now ready for drying, which should invariably start within 4 hours after breaking.Two types of copra to wit milling and edible are made in India. Milling copra is used to extract oil fleck edible grade of copra is consumed as a dry fruit and used for religious purposes. Milling copra is largely manufactured by adopting sun drying and artificial means. Substantial quantity of milling copra is manuf actured using mod hot air driers resulting in the availability of superior quality copra which is required for the manufacture of best grade coconut oil. A good number of farmers co-operative societies are also involved in the manufacture and marketing of milling copra. Milling copra is available in different grades. Edible copra is made in the form of balls and cups. Different grades of edible copra are available in the market according to the size, color etc. Quality of copra is indomitable based on moisture content and extend of inferior type of copra. Inferior types of copra are principallyMould effectImmature or rubbery copra made from immature nuts.Insect attacked copra.Discolored copra.Good quality copra is one which contains not more than 6% moisture. Coconut oil is obtained by crushing copra and most efficient method of extraction is by using expeller. Methods of extraction of oilVarious methodsYield of oilChucks58% 60% circuit Mills 62% 63%Expellers63% 65%Source Annu al reportCoconut CakeCoconut cake is the residue left after the extraction of oil from copra which is mainly used as a oxen feed. Coconut cake contains 4 5 percent oil which is extracted by solvent extraction process. This oil is generally used for industrial purpose and de-oiled cake is used to make mixed cattle feed. There are a few such units in the country especially in Kerala.NAFEDNational agricultural co-operative marketing federation, which was organized in 1958, represents the entire marketing structure at the national level. It was effectuateed with the object of coordinately and promoting the marketing and trading activities of the members in agricultural and other commodities. Their main objectives are-To make arrangements for the supply of agricultural requirements of its members. To promote interstate and international trade in agricultural and other commodities. To render advice and technical guidance to its members.The main aim of NAFED is to assist the marketing of cooperatives in the states to develop their marketing businesses. In order to achieve this NAFED adopts various strategies with a view to ensure better returns to the farmers. It undertakes price support operation, modify stocking, export and import of commodities etc to balance production with consumption. When the government of India formulates policies for support price in respect of certain commodities, it appoints NAFED as its agency for procurement.Coconut Day (2nd September)September 2nd of every year has been designated as coconut day as per the decision of Asian and Pacific Coconut Community head quarters at Jakarta, Indonesia. Foundation day of APCC also falls on 2nd September. A major coconut growing countries including India are the members of the APCC. The celebration of the annual coconut day is aimed at creating more awareness on the immenseness of the coconut and focusing world attention to this crop to enhance its potential in alleviating poverty, encouraging in vestment in the sector and promote total development of coconut industry in the member countries. In India coconut development board is taking the lead in the annual celebration of the coconut day. attach to PROFILEKerala Kerakarshaka Sahakarana Federation Ltd, (KERAFED) was registered under the co-operative societies Act in 1987, with assistance of European Economic Community, National co-op Development Corporation and the government of Kerala. KERAFED is the Apex Cooperative Federation of coconut farmers in Kerala and is the largest producer of coconut oil in India. The federation started commercial production in 1993. The head office of KERAFED is located in Thiruvananthapuram. KERAFEDs coconut oil complex at Karunagapally in Kollam district is one of the biggest such units in India, with a capacity of 200 tons per day.The primary objective of KERAFED is to organize coconut growers by transport them under the cooperative umbrella and to provide them with all supplies and servic es to augment their income base by change magnitude productivity and value additions through the integrated system of production achievement, storage, processing, diversification and marketing of coconut oil and all/any products of coconut palm at a price remunerative to growers and fair to consumers. As the coconut farmers in Kerala were reeling under the strange hold of powerful country trade cartels that consistently moderate market conditions and dictate price trend to their advantage, KERAFED aimed at procurement of 50% to 60% of the total coconut/copra produced in the state which will be processed at its own processing unit and marketed. KERAFED is the individual largest procurers of coconut/copra produced in Kerala from 900 societies all over the state. KERAFED has a good distribution network consisting of stockiest, dealers and suppliers.The Objectives of KERAFED areTo mortify edible oil imports.To provide an impulse effect on internal production of coconut.To develop th e agricultural potential of Kerala State.To strengthen the co-operative movementTo secure the marketing of coconut and its by-products, thereby assuring economic prices to the growers. To establish and manage infrastructure facilities for production and supply of inputs and processing, manufacturing and marketing of products and by products of coconut palm. To undertake research and development activities on production, processing and marketing. Thus to increase the income of 29 lakh farmers families and create employment opportunities in the industrial sector.For effectively and efficiently carrying out the administrative and operational practices on a day to day basis, the state is divided into three voice, the southern region, the northern region and central region. The southern region consists of the revenue districts Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Pathanamthitta and Alappuzha. The northern region consists of Malappuram, Kozhikode, Wayanad, Kannur and Kasargode districts. The ce ntral region consists of Kottayam, Idukki, Eranakulam, Thrissur, Palaghat districts. 300 primary agricultural credit cooperatives societies in each region are members of the federation to undertake production, procurement, marketing activities at the farmers level. For processing and product diversification, each region will have one processing plant with a capacity 200 tons of copra per day. MOTTOTo halt support to the coconut farmers.Distributing or providing healthy coconut oil to customersVISIONTo become the single largest procurance agency of Copra and the biggest Coconut Products manufacturing Company in India.MISSIONBeing the number one producer of the best quality coconut oil, it aims at the following areasBusinessCustomer relationInnovation